“…In some cases, neural networks even can not obtain feasible solution (Funabiki & Nishikawa, 1997;Liu et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2008). In this subsection, we map the FAP onto a competitive Hopfield neural network (CHNN) (Galán-Marín & Muñoz-Pérez, 2001; Galán-Marí n, Mérida-Casermeiro, & Muñoz-Pérez, 2003). In the CHNN, the penalty terms are handled in an explicit manner, which relieves the burden of parameter tuning.…”