Knowledge concerning the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, etc., on microbial growth is of crucial practical importance in the control of bioprocesses, for the safe handling of food (1, 2, 12, 50, 51), in wastewater treatment (7), and in bioremediation (2). In addition, in taxonomy, cardinal temperatures for growth are key characteristics of microbial strains (37).In recent years, several models for predicting the growth rate of microorganisms as a function of either temperature alone (11,13,22,31,32,52,53) or of temperature in combination with other factors have been proposed (1, 5, 20-22, 36, 50). Surprisingly, few attempts at a better basic understanding have been made to relate the rate of growth and actual substrate concentration. This relationship is traditionally termed growth kinetics (23,30). (However, note that the same expression has also been used for the description of the time courses of population densities [5].) The current lack of systematic data on the influence of temperature on the kinetics of growth makes the prediction of this effect difficult. Temperature modulation of growth kinetics is to be expected, because both metabolism and cellular composition are affected by cultivation temperature, as was demonstrated by the cellular fatty acid composition (16, 26, 41), the synthesis or degradation of certain proteins (14,15,17,20,25), changes in protein activity (15, 35), changes in maintenance requirements of cells (19,27,39,42,47), changes in end products of metabolism (17), and increases in pigment formation (27).Bacterial metabolism represents a network of reactions. Although these individual biochemical reactions are temperature dependent, the fundamental question of whether the parameters used in growth kinetic models are temperature dependent must be asked. To determine this, a detailed comparison of growth kinetics at temperatures below and above the optimal temperature was carried out for Escherichia coli ML 30 cultivated in continuous culture with glucose and/or galactose. Such investigations are possible only by using an extremely sensitive method for measuring low concentrations of sugars (in micrograms per liter) in culture media (40). The objective of the present study was to compare the experimentally established relationships between growth rate and steady-state substrate concentrations at different constant temperatures and to find out whether the whole set of relationships can be described by a simple mathematical model (Table 1 summarizes the nomenclature used throughout). Additionally, the effect of temperature on steady-state substrate concentrations at constant growth rates (dilution rates in continuous culture) was studied.Compendium of the models proposed in the literature. (i) Conventional growth kinetics and models containing an s min term. Various mathematical models have been proposed to quantitatively describe microbial growth kinetics. The Monod model (equation 1) is considered the basic equation (23), which has since been improve...