“…As a result, many nature-based methods, including ant colony, particle swarm optimization, artificial immune system, evolutionary algorithms, and so forth, were suggested by researchers (Coello et al, 2007). Among the several direct algorithms in solving optimal problems, genetic programming (GP) has proven robust for its capabilities to symbolically present both topology and mathematical details of the solutions (Assimi et al, 2017; Bruns et al, 2019; Brameier and Banzhaf, 2001; Devarriya et al, 2020; Li et al, 2006; Gholaminezhad et al, 2014; Jamali et al, 2016; Koza, 1989, 1990, 1994a; Poli et al, 2008). In the study conducted by Maher and Mohamed (2013), the efficacy of the GP algorithm in obtaining optimal control solutions of the nonlinear problems was assessed.…”