Modelling and optimization of the firing zone of a tunnel kiln to predict the optimal feed locations and mass fluxes of the fuel and secondary air

Novel predictive tools for design of radiant and convective sections of direct fired heaters

“…Operation strategies of energy intensive plants strongly affect the production cost [1,2]. The data gathered around the process are not sufficient to analyze the plant behavior.…”

“…The data gathered around the process are not sufficient to analyze the plant behavior. Mathematical models supply valuable information on the behavior of the plant and can be used to search for optimal operating conditions [1,3,[4][5][6]. Knowledge of combined convective and radiative energy transfer in participating media is crucial for the determination of heat fluxes on the walls of systems in numerous engineering applications.…”

CFD analysis of a full-scale ceramic kiln module under actual operating conditions

“…(1) the rate of fuel depletion is assumed to be: (2) ; ; where k is the turbulent kinetic energy and ε its dissipation rate. The min operator on the right-hand side of Eqn.…”

“…The min operator on the right-hand side of Eqn. (2) indicates that the concentration of the limiting reactant should be used to determine a mass fraction scale when calculating the reactant consumption rate. Eqn.…”

“…In [2] a theoretical formulation for the prediction of the kiln operating characteristics has been proposed under regime conditions and many simplifications to the physical phenomena had to be made in order to close the mathematical model. Similar approach is adopted also in [3] in which the main focus was the assessment of the heat transfer between the hot air flow and the kiln walls.…”