“…The price of an automated boiler and auxiliary devices is estimated as at least 3 800 € [17][18][19]. In the case of lacking gas connection the tank should be bought costing approximately 2 500 € [18,20].…”
Abstract:The application of renewable energy sources poses the problems connected with output volatility. In order to decrease this effect the energy storage technologies can be applied, particularly fuel cells connected with hydrogen storage. In this paper the application of SOFC system for a household in Poland is proposed. Economic and technical analysis is performed. It was found that the proposed installation is profitable after 25 years of operation when compared with conventional solution -heat pumps and gas-fired boilers.
“…DH enables the use of a variety of heat sources that are often wasted, as well as the renewable heat [4,15]. Many researchers have focused their field of studies to investigate methods and advantages of reusing the waste energy, RE utilization, modelling of DH systems and components [8,[16][17][18][19][20][21]. DH systems can significantly contribute achieving the goals of EU's energy policy in perspective of 2050 [22].…”
Section: Dh Is a Term Established In The Unitedmentioning
There is a considerable diversity of district heating (DH) technologies, components and interaction in EU countries. The trends and developments of DH are investigated in this paper. Research of four areas related to DH systems and their interaction with: fossil fuels, renewable energy (RE) sources, energy efficiency of the systems and the impact on the environment and the human health are described in the following content. The key conclusion obtained from this review is that the DH development requires more flexible energy systems with building automations, more significant contribution of RE sources, more dynamic prosumers' participation, and integration with mix fuel energy systems, as part of smart energy sustainable systems in smart cities. These are the main issues that Europe has to address in order to establish sustainable DH systems across its countries.
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