“…In the technology level, optical interconnects [2], nanotube interconnects, 3D-VLSI, and cu/low-K [3]. In the system level, current mode transmission [4], wireless interconnection [5,6], differential mode transmission [7], and serial data bus are existing. In the circuit level, buffer insertion and resizing and balancing [8], noise identification and recovery [9], noise filtering [10], and internal switching reduction are included.…”