Modelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (A comprehensive review)

Abstract

The gradual decline in global oil reserves and presence of ever so stringent emissions rules around the world, have created an urgent need for the production of automobiles with improved fuel economy. HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) have proved a viable option to guarantying improved fuel economy and reduced emissions.The fuel consumption benefits which can be realised when utilising HEV architecture are dependent on how much braking energy is regenerated, and how well the regenerated energy is utilized. The challenge in developing an HEV control strategy lies in the satisfaction of often conflicting control constraints involving fuel consumption, emissions and driveability without over-depleting the battery state of charge at the end of the defined driving cycle. To this effect, a number of power management strategies have been proposed in literature. This paper presents a comprehensive review of theseliteratures, focusing primarily on contributions in the aspect of parallel hybrid electric vehicle modelling and control. As part of this treatise, exploitable research gaps are also identified. This paper prides itself as a comprehensive reference for researchers in the field of hybrid electric vehicle development, control and optimization.

Adaptive Cruise Control Based on Model Predictive Control with Constraints Softening

“…The MPC algorithm can minimize the objective function by making full use of the model of the plant process. This can be done by utilizing a model to estimate the influence of control on the system output, which can then be reformed online [21]. On the basis of the system model and the current states of the system, the future states of the system can be predicted.…”

Air Flow Real‐time Optimization Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources with Fuel Flow Based on Load‐following

“…Note that the values used for GES controllers of the 6 kW FCHPS under Fuel_LF‐RTO strategy will be the same for different load cycles considered there. The normalization's gains and the loop gain of two GES controllers have been designed specifically for PEMFC used in FC vehicle, considering the both static and dynamic parts of the process , , .…”

“…In brief, the strategies for FCHPS can be classified as rule‐based strategies and optimization‐based strategies, but other classifications may be found in the reviews . The deterministic rule‐based strategy are already available in the market due to its easy design and implementation , but the global optimal solution cannot be always found , .…”

Fuel consumption evaluation of a hybrid electric car over aggressive cycles for thermal engine optimization

“…HEV has the advantages of an electric powertrain with a kinetic recovery system and possible zero tank-to-wheel emissions till certain vehicle speeds in urban drive and combines the advantages of the ICE based vehicles, represented by high power and energy density, rapid recharging of the fuel tank, and high range in extra-urban drives (Hu et al, 2013;Dimitrova and Maréchal, 2015a;Enang and Bannister, 2017).…”

“…So far, there are two concepts of energy management; the heuristic based and the optimal theory based (Hou et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2016). At depth, control strategies for energy management are reviewed on two main tiers; offline control strategy and online control strategy (Enang and Bannister, 2017). The control strategy in general is a law regulating operation of vehicle's drive train which inputs measurements of vehicle operating conditions such as speed or acceleration, driver's torque request, current roadway type or traffic information, in-advance solutions, and even the information provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) to achieve improved fuel economy and reduced emissions.…”