“…Other prominent features during this warm interval include a perennially ice-free Arctic Ocean (Ballantyne et al, 2010(Ballantyne et al, , 2013Dowsett et al, 2012), Arctic summer temperatures approximately 8-19°C warmer than modern (Brigham-Grette et al, 2013;Salzmann et al, 2011), reduced meridional and zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients (Fedorov et al, 2013), and enhanced production and derived for stable isotope studies (Woodard et al, 2014). However, a recent climate model suggests that such changes in ice sheet extent may have direct implications for the rate of the Pacific overturning circulation (Hill et al, 2017).…”