Modeling the Responses of Thickness-Shear Mode Resonators under Various Loading Conditions

Bandey, HL; Martin, S.J.; Cernosek, R.W.; Hillman, A. Robert

doi:10.1021/ac981272b

Cited by 255 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The insertion loss appears to saturate (Figure 2a), whereas the phase change decreases strongly with (Fη) 1/2 (Figure 2b), in agreement with theory, and is consistent with a Maxwellian regime when (Fη) 1/2 exceeds (Fη c ) 1/2 . 17,24,34 The data are broadly consistent with the QCM measurements at 5 MHz, 11 in which [P 6,6,6,14 The data can be used to determine the densityÀviscosity product of a Newtonian RTIL either from phase or insertion loss measurements, provided a calibration liquid is used to determine the constant of proportionality in eq 1 (i.e., effectively the value of cL s k 0 ,). In our measurements, glycerol is used as the calibration liquid.…”

Section: ' Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…For viscous (Newtonian) liquids, these changes, with respect to air are proportional to the square root of the densityÀviscosity product of the liquid, (Fη) 1/2 . 15,16 The changes can be expressed as 16,17 ΔΦ ðdegÞ ¼ cL s k 0 360 2π where c is dependent on device parameters and geometry; L s is the length of the propagation path of the wave; k 0 is the wavevector; ω is the angular frequency; and F and η are the density and viscosity of the liquid, respectively. Measuring changes in phase and amplitude for a SAW are the equivalent of measuring changes in frequency, Δf, and bandwidth, ΔB, for a QCM device; eq 1 is the analogue of the Kanazawa and Gordon equation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The loss eventually saturates, 15 and the phase change decreases with increasing (Fη) 1/2 . 17,24 The saturation value for amplitude loss can be expressed as 15 ΔA sat ðdBÞ ¼ c 20 logðeÞ…”

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Determination of the Physical Properties of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids Using a Love Wave Device

et al. 2011

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A s their name indicates, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are liquids that are composed entirely of ions and that remain liquids at room temperature. They are generally very stable over a large temperature range, nonflammable, and have low volatility and are therefore rapidly emerging as alternative environmentally friendly solvents. 1À3 Their applications have been reported in a wide range of areas, including organic synthesis, catalysis, electrochemistry, 4 liquid crystal, 5 and separation technologies. 6,7 With over a million simple ionic liquids available, scientists and engineers are presented with numerous opportunities to design ionic liquids with specific properties for different applications but also with challenges to develop methods to characterize them to optimize their properties. Although with increasing utilization, the cost of some ionic liquids is decreasing, ionic liquids are, in general, relatively expensive, and new ionic liquids require synthetic routes to be developed. Currently, full characterization of the physical properties of such ionic liquids requires significant volumes of material to be synthesized before it is known whether they are useful for the process to be developed. Therefore, to reduce the synthetic burden and the cost, robust and high-throughput analytical techniques that require minimal volumes of liquids for characterization are desirable.High-frequency acoustic wave devices are widely used in telecommunications but also provide a surface oscillation that can be used to probe or sense materials with which they come into contact. In a Rayleigh-type surface acoustic wave, the oscillation includes an out-of-plane component, and this prevents their use with most liquids because on contact with the liquid, the wave's component of displacement normal to the surface generates a compressional wave into the liquid, giving rise to significant attenuation of the surface wave. However, acoustic wave sensors, using a shear-wave polarization with a particle displacement in the plane of the device surface, do not generate compressional waves and have been successful in liquid sensing applications. 8À10 Device types include the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), which uses a thickness shear mode operation, and the surface acoustic wave device (SAW), which uses a planar fabricated set of interdigital transducers (IDTs) to excite the wave. Both types of sensors operate by creating a highfrequency shear wave that entrains the liquid present on the surface and causes a change in the wave velocity and amplitude. Recently, a QCM operating at a fundamental frequency of 5 MHz and its harmonics was successfully used to study the Newtonian response of RTILs by measuring the shift in the resonant frequency of the device and its bandwidth after the liquid is introduced. 11 This showed that the densityÀviscosity product of a liquid can be determined from only 40 μL of liquid ABSTRACT: In this work, we have shown that a 100 MHz Love wave device can be used to determine whether room temperatur...

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Section: ' Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

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Determination of the Physical Properties of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids Using a Love Wave Device

et al. 2011

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“…The Sandia group provided a complete description of the QCM's theoretical and experimental responses [16,17], with results for water-glycerol mixtures [16] and water and waterglycerol mixtures [17]. The Kasemo group presented the effects resulting from the electrical conductivity of the liquid [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Non-Newtonian Load on SignatureS2for Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements

2014

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The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is increasingly used for monitoring the interfacial interaction between surfaces and macromolecules such as biomaterials, polymers, and metals. Recent QCM applications deal with several types of liquids with various viscous macromolecule compounds, which behave differently from Newtonian liquids. To properly monitor such interactions, it is crucial to understand the influence of the non-Newtonian fluid on the QCM measurement response. As a quantitative indicator of non-Newtonian behavior, we used the quartz resonator signature, 2 , of the QCM measurement response, which has a consistent value for Newtonian fluids. We then modified De Kee's non-Newtonian three-parameter model to apply it to our prediction of 2 values for non-Newtonian liquids. As a model, we chose polyethylene glycol (PEG400) with the titration of its volume concentration in deionized water. As the volume concentration of PEG400 increased, the 2 value decreased, confirming that the modified De Kee's three-parameter model can predict the change in 2 value. Collectively, the findings presented herein enable the application of the quartz resonator signature, 2 , to verify QCM measurement analysis in relation to a wide range of experimental subjects that may exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, including polymers and biomaterials.

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“…This result, summarized by the Sauerbrey equation, 6 can be shown to be valid, at least approximately, even when the mass is deposited from the liquid phase. 7 Introducing a QCM from vacuum into a Newtonian liquid results in both a frequency shift and an attenuation of the resonance. The effect of the shear mode oscillation is to entrain fluid within a penetration depth ␦ϭ(2 f / f ) 1/2 of the surface, where f is the fluid's viscosity, f is the fluid's density, and is the angular frequency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical mass, liquid, and polymer sensitivity of acoustic wave sensors with viscoelastic guiding layers

McHale

Newton

Martin

2003

Journal of Applied Physics

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The theoretical sensitivity of Love wave and layer-guided shear horizontal acoustic plate mode ͑SH-APM͒ sensors for viscoelastic guiding layers and general loading by viscoelastic materials is developed. A dispersion equation previously derived for a system of three rigidly coupled elastic mass layers is modified so that the second and third layers can be viscoelastic. The inclusion of viscoelasticity into the second, wave guiding layer, introduces a damping term, in addition to a phase velocity shift, into the response of the acoustic wave system. Both the waveguiding layer and the third, perturbing layer, are modeled using a Maxwell model of viscoelasticity. The model therefore includes the limits of loading of both nonguided shear horizontal surface acoustic wave and acoustic plate mode ͑APM͒ sensors, in addition to Love wave and layer-guided SH-APM sensors, by rigidly coupled elastic mass and by Newtonian liquids. The three-layer model is extended to include a viscoelastic fourth layer of arbitrary thickness and so enable mass deposition onto an immersed Love wave or layer-guided SH-APM sensor to be described. A relationship between the change in the complex velocity and the slope of the complex dispersion curve is derived and the similarity to the mass and liquid sensor response of quartz crystal microbalances is discussed. Numerical calculations are presented for the case of a Love wave device in vacuum with a viscoelastic waveguiding layer. It is shown that, while a particular polymer relaxation time may be chosen such that the effect of viscoelasticity on the real part of the phase speed is relatively small, it may nonetheless induce a large insertion loss. The potential or the use of insertion loss as a sensor parameter is discussed.

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Modeling the Responses of Thickness-Shear Mode Resonators under Various Loading Conditions

Cited by 255 publications

References 22 publications

Determination of the Physical Properties of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids Using a Love Wave Device

Determination of the Physical Properties of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids Using a Love Wave Device

Effect of a Non-Newtonian Load on SignatureS2for Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements

Theoretical mass, liquid, and polymer sensitivity of acoustic wave sensors with viscoelastic guiding layers

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