Modeling the nonlinear photoabsorptive behavior during self-written waveguide formation in a photopolymer

Li, Haoyu; Qi, Yue; Malallah, Ra’ed; Sheridan, John T.

doi:10.1364/josab.32.000912

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is also examined by capturing images of the light scattered from the sample side, (along the waveguide path). In our experiments the output beam is initially observed to narrow and become more intense during exposure as the index within the material increases with the formation of the SWW [18,19]. A 3D model (combining material and electromagnetic effects), is necessary to describe SWW creation as the exposing light beam distribution in x and y propagates through a photopolymer material.…”

Section: Self-written Waveguide Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…A 3D model (combining material and electromagnetic effects), is necessary to describe SWW creation as the exposing light beam distribution in x and y propagates through a photopolymer material. As the light propagates in the z direction, the rate (partial differential) equation, that governs the spatial and temporal ground state photosensitizer concentration, can be given by [18,19]:…”

Section: Self-written Waveguide Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, the phenomenological model developed can be used to predict both the evolution of the light intensity distribution and the channel formation inside the material during the exposure [19,32,33]. The results obtained using the improved model provide a more detailed description of the waveguide evolution.…”

Section: Self-written Waveguide Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Optical Trajectory Manipulations Using the Self-Written Waveguides Technique

Malallah¹,

Cassidy²,

Wan³

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper, first the Self-Written Waveguide (SWW) process in wet photopolymer media (liquid solutions), are examined for three examples: single-, counter-, and co-fibers exposure. Then the SWWs formed inside solid material are examined including the effects of manipulating the alignment of the fibers. In all cases high precision measurements are used to position the fiber optic cables (FOCs) before exposure using a microscope. The self-writing process is indirectly monitored by observing (imaging) the light emerging from the side of the material sample during SWW formation. In this way the optical waveguide trajectories formed in an Acrylamide/Polyvinyl Alcohol (AA/PVA) a photopolymer material (sensitized at 532 nm) are examined. First the transmission of light by this material is characterized. Then the bending and merging of the waveguides which occur are investigated. The predictions of our model are shown to qualitatively agree with the observed trajectories. The largest index changes taking place at any time during the exposure, i.e. during SWW formation, are shown to take place at the positions where the largest exposure light intensity is present. Typically, such maxima exist close to the input face and the first maximum is referred to as the location of the Primary Eye. Other local maxima also appear further along the SWW and are referred to as Secondary Eyes, i.e. deeper within the material.

show abstract

Section: Self-written Waveguide Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Self-written Waveguide Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Optical Trajectory Manipulations Using the Self-Written Waveguides Technique

Malallah¹,

Cassidy²,

Wan³

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…p is the number of photons involved in the process which is typically assumed to be a linear optical process and hence p = 1. 9 The real coefficient A s depends upon the material properties, the number of photons p and the wavelength of light.…”

Section: Materials Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of straight and bent self-written waveguides in photopolymer mixture using phenomenological and diffusion models

Suar

Rahlves

Reithmeier

et al. 2018

Optical Design and Engineering VII

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Straight and bent self-written waveguides (SWWs) are formed within a photomonomer mixture by means of a self-trapping effect when a single laser beam or two laser beams with tilt are propagated inside. These SWWs can be used as optical interconnects in integrated photonic circuits if two laser beams are launched in opposite directions into the photomonomer. In this work, two kinds of photo-polymerization models are implemented to simulate the SWWs. In the phenomenological model, the refractive index increases directly with actinic laser intensity, whereas the diffusion model has a more complex variation of refractive index profile which takes into account the individual redistribution of mixture components. Both these models are linked with a Crank-Nicholson based Beam Propagation Method (CN-BPM) to simulate the time varying light distribution within the polymer coupling structures. Differences are observed in the numerical simulation results for straight and bent SWWs with respect to the temporal evolution of refractive index within the mixture, corresponding beam intensity profiles and curing time. In addition, we show that a saturation of refractive index change leads to the polymerization of surrounding monomer and, as consequence, to corrupted light guiding. We report on the minimum refractive index modulation that is required for optimal light guiding within the SWW.

show abstract

“…The ability to form waveguide systems for optical and terahertz radiation in photopolymerizable compositions recently is of great interest among researchers: [1][2][3][4]. Formed holographically or by photolithography methods, such waveguides are widely used in the integrated optics and photonics devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Theoretical Model of the Holographic Formation of Controllable Waveguide Channels System in Photopolymer Liquid Crystalline Composition

Semkin¹,

Шарангович²

2018

Emerging Waveguide Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rapid development of the integrated optics and photonics makes it necessary to create cheap and simple technology of optical waveguide systems formation. Photolithography methods, widely used for these tasks recently, require the production of a number of precision amplitude and phase masks. This fact makes this technology expensive and the formation process long. On another side there is a cheap and one-step holographic recording method in photopolymer compositions. Parameters of the waveguide system formed by this method are determined by recording geometry and material's properties. Besides, compositions may contain liquid crystals that make it possible to create elements, controllable by external electric field. In this chapter, the theoretical model of the holographic formation of controllable waveguide channels system in photopolymer liquid crystalline composition is developed. Special attention is paid to localization of waveguides in the media caused by light field attenuation during the formation process.

show abstract

Modeling the nonlinear photoabsorptive behavior during self-written waveguide formation in a photopolymer

Cited by 33 publications

References 42 publications

Optical Trajectory Manipulations Using the Self-Written Waveguides Technique

Optical Trajectory Manipulations Using the Self-Written Waveguides Technique

Simulation of straight and bent self-written waveguides in photopolymer mixture using phenomenological and diffusion models

A Theoretical Model of the Holographic Formation of Controllable Waveguide Channels System in Photopolymer Liquid Crystalline Composition

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About