Modeling the macrophage-anthrax spore interaction: Implications for early host-pathogen interactions

Pantha, Buddhi; Cross, Alan S.; Lenhart, Suzanne; Day, Judy

doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2018.08.010

Cited by 8 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…When spores are deposited in the lungs, they are engulfed by alveolar macrophages, where spores germinate and become vegetative bacteria. Macrophages transport spores to the regional tracheobronchial lymph nodes [54,55]. Then, vegetative cells become encapsulated, and destroy phagosome and cellular membranes for the escape from the macrophage.…”

Section: Bacillus Anthracismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health

et al. 2020

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Pathogens are various organisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, which can cause severe illnesses to their hosts. Throughout history, pathogens have accompanied human populations and caused various epidemics. One of the most significant outbreaks was the Black Death, which occurred in the 14th century and caused the death of one-third of Europe’s population. Pathogens have also been studied for their use as biological warfare agents by the former Soviet Union, Japan, and the USA. Among bacteria and viruses, there are high priority agents that have a significant impact on public health. Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Variola virus, Filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg), Arenoviruses (Lassa), and influenza viruses are included in this group of agents. Outbreaks and infections caused by them might result in social disruption and panic, which is why special operations are needed for public health preparedness. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that significantly impede treatment and recovery of patients are also valid threats. Furthermore, recent events related to the massive spread of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are an example of how virus-induced diseases cannot be ignored. The impact of outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, have had far-reaching consequences beyond public health. The economic losses due to lockdowns are difficult to estimate, but it would take years to restore countries to pre-outbreak status. For countries affected by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), their health systems have been overwhelmed, resulting in an increase in the mortality rate caused by diseases or injuries. Furthermore, outbreaks, such as SARS-CoV-2, will induce serious, wide-ranging (and possibly long-lasting) psychological problems among, not only health workers, but ordinary citizens (this is due to isolation, quarantine, etc.). The aim of this paper is to present the most dangerous pathogens, as well as general characterizations, mechanisms of action, and treatments.

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Section: Bacillus Anthracismentioning

confidence: 99%

Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health

et al. 2020

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“…Lethal factor is a zinc dependent endoprotease, which interferes with signaling pathways and fi nally damages the cells. Macrophages are the major target for the both anthrax toxin and the microorganism itself (40)(41)(42). Lethal factor of anthrax toxin namely deactivates ERK (a group of Extracellular Signal-Related Kinases), p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (a group of kinases known under acronym MAPK) and c Jun N-terminal kinase by their proteolysis (43).…”

Section: Bacillus Anthracis: a Causative Agent Of Anthraxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus anthracis as a biological warfare agent: infection, diagnosis and countermeasures

Pohanka¹

2020

BLL

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Bacillus anthracis is a causative agent of zoonotic anthrax disease. In the last years, signifi cant progress in therapy and diagnosis of anthrax was made. Concurrently, knowledge about anthrax progression, molecular pathology and release of anthrax toxin during the disease has improved. This review covers the recent progress in this fi eld. METHODS: In this review, specifi cations of B. anthracis, anthrax disease, medical and biomedical countermeasures and diagnostic tools were surveyed. The actual literature was summarized and relevance of the microorganism as a biological warfare agent and the ways how to reduce its impact including therapeutic protocols were written and discussed. RESULTS: Currently, the microorganism is considered one of the top biological warfare agents due to lethality, long term stability of spores, easy dissemination and production. The recent research is focused on countermeasures suitable for reduction of consequences by a misuse of the microorganism in form of biological weapon (Tab.

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“…This data is now used in Eq. (6) to estimate β and the result is listed in Table 1. Now a later time period, ∆t 1 is considered and Eq.…”

Section: Analysis Of Epidemic Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It will be demonstrated in a later section how Eqs. (6) and (8) can be used along with early time data for I vs. time from a real epidemic to estimate β and γ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Spring 2020 New York City COVID-19 Epidemic: New Criteria and Methods for Prediction

Barlow¹,

2020

Preprint

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We report here on results obtained using the SIR model to study the spring 2020 COVID-19 epidemic in New York City. An approximate solution is derived for this non-linear system which is then used to derive an expression for the time to maximum infection. Additionally expressions are obtained for estimating the transmission and recovery parameters using data from the first ten days of the epidemic. Values for these parameters are then generated using data reported for the 2020 NYC COVID epidemic which are then used to estimate the time to maximum infection and the maximum number of infected. Complete details are given so that the method can be usef in the event of future epidemics. An additional result of this study us that we are able to suggest a unique mitigation strategy.

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Modeling the macrophage-anthrax spore interaction: Implications for early host-pathogen interactions

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health

Dangerous Pathogens as a Potential Problem for Public Health

Bacillus anthracis as a biological warfare agent: infection, diagnosis and countermeasures

Modeling the Spring 2020 New York City COVID-19 Epidemic: New Criteria and Methods for Prediction

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