Modeling the Association between HR Variability and Illness in Elite Swimmers

Hellard, Philippe; Guimaraes, Fanny; Avalos, Marta; Houel, Nicolas; Hausswirth, Christophe; Toussaint, Jean François

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318204de1c

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Limiting pathogen exposure in the aquatic environment is important given evidence of water quality issues in swimming pools (McCann et al, 2013;Sanborn & Takaro, 2013) and freshwater and marine (Arnold et al, 2013) environments. Other factors influencing the risk of illness include season, with a higher risk of URTIs in winter months (Hellard et al, 2011).…”

Section: Nutritional Recommendations For Injury and Illness Preventiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, Illness, and Injury in Aquatic Sports

Pyne¹,

Verhagen²,

Mountjoy³

2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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In this review, we outline key principles for prevention of injury and illness in aquatic sports, detail the epidemiology of injury and illness in aquatic athletes at major international competitions and in training, and examine the relevant scientific evidence on nutrients for reducing the risk of illness and injury. Aquatic athletes are encouraged to consume a well-planned diet with sufficient calories, macronutrients (particularly carbohydrate and protein), and micronutrients (particularly iron, zinc, and vitamins A, D, E, B6, and B12) to maintain health and performance. Ingesting carbohydrate via sports drinks, gels, or sports foods during prolonged training sessions is beneficial in maintaining energy availability. Studies of foods or supplements containing plant polyphenols and selected strains of probiotic species are promising, but further research is required. In terms of injury, intake of vitamin D, protein, and total caloric intake, in combination with treatment and resistance training, promotes recovery back to full health and training. Keywords: epidemiology, nutrition, swimming, infection, supplements, ergogenic aidsAquatic coaches are obliged to use physically challenging training programs to prepare their athletes for high-level competitions. However, a high level of exposure to training (and competition) can increase the risk of illness or injury, limiting improvements in performance. Sports science and sports medicine practitioners who work with swimmers (and swimming coaches) are seeking effective evidence-based interventions and strategies to reduce the risk of injury and illness compromising training and competitive performance. Although the importance of illness and injuries and their impact on performance is better understood nowadays by both researchers and practitioners, there remains a lack of quality information, particularly related to the importance of nutrition and dietary practices.Nutrient intake during everyday eating and around swimming training and competition is a key factor influencing immune function and risk of injury. Other factors related to illness include the volume, intensity, and load of exercise training; degree of exposure to pathogens; underlying health and medical status of individual athletes; lifestyle behaviors, including sleep and recovery; and psychosocial issues related to training and competition. Given the lack of specific research studies on highly trained swimmers, it is necessary to look more broadly at general nutrition, sports nutrition, and studies of athletes in other sports. A Medline search (November 2013) using nutrition as a search term yielded 325 hits for swimming, but only seven for water polo, six for long-distance swimming, five for diving, and two for synchronized swimming.Although the benefits of avoiding illness and injury appear obvious, only one study has directly quantified the effect of illness on international swimming performance. A study of performances of Australian swimmers showed that mild illness had only a trivial mean effect...

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Section: Nutritional Recommendations For Injury and Illness Preventiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition, Illness, and Injury in Aquatic Sports

Pyne¹,

Verhagen²,

Mountjoy³

2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…(2) illness (Hellard et al 2010); (3) overtraining (Pelayo et al 1996) or; (4) preference to improve academic success instead of sports performance.…”

Section: Normative Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the performance, energetics and biomechanics of international versus national level swimmers during a competitive season

et al. 2011

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The purpose of this study was to track and compare the changes of performance, energetic and biomechanical profiles of international (Int) and national (Nat) level swimmers during a season. Ten Portuguese male swimmers (four Int and six Nat level subjects) were evaluated on three different time periods (TP(1), TP(2), TP(3)) of the 2009-2010 season. Swimming performance was assessed based on official time's lists of the 200-m freestyle event. An incremental set of 7 × 200 m swims was applied to assess the energetic and biomechanical data. Measurements were made of: (1) velocity at the 4 mmol of lactate levels (V4), stroke index at V4 (SI@V4) and propelling efficiency at V4 (η (p)@V4), as energetic estimators; (2) stroke length at V4 (SL@V4) and stroke frequency at V4 (SF@V4), as biomechanical variables. The results demonstrated no significant variations in all variables throughout the season. The inter-group comparison pointed out higher values for Int swimmers, with statistical differences for the 200 m performance in all time periods. Near values of the statistical significance were demonstrated for the SI@V4 in TP(1) and TP(3). The tracking based on K values was high only for the SI@V4. It is concluded that a high stability can be observed for elite swimmers performance, energetic and biomechanical profiles throughout a single season. Int swimmers are able to maintain a higher energetic and biomechanical capacity than Nat ones at all times. The SI@V4 may be used as an indicator of performance variation.

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“…Some accessible data also indicate the connection between autonomic regulation and infections. Hellard et al (2011) analyzed autonomic regulation in swimmers and found that the weeks which preceded occurrence of not only upper respiratory tract and pulmonary infections but also muscular affections were characterized by an increase in autonomic parasympathetic activity in supine position [66]. In fact, the increase in the parasympathetic nervous system is regarded as beneficial for cardiovascular system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular changes in workers exposed to fine particulate dust

Bortkiewicz¹,

Gadzicka²,

Stroszejn-Mrowca³

et al. 2014

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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Objectives: Epidemiological studies provide evidence that airborne particulate matter may contribute to the increased incidence and mortality rates due to pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Only some of them address the problem of occupational exposure to particulate air pollution. The aim of our study was to assess cardiovascular reaction and autonomic regulation in workers exposed to fine particles. Materials and Methods: All workers had medical examination, resting ECG with heart rate variability analysis (HRV), 24-h ECG, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) performed. The subjects were 20 male workers (mean age: 32.14.0 year) of a ceramic ware factory exposed to the dust and 20 workers who were not exposed (mean age: 39.4±7.8 year). The period of employment under exposure amounted to 5.6±2.1 year. Dust exposure was measured using individual dosimeters. Results: The geometric mean total dust concentration was 44±1.5 mg/m 3 and the FPD (fine particulate dust) concentration amounted to 11.5±1.6 mg/m 3 . No abnormalities were noted in the resting ECG in both groups, in 24-h ECG 2 subjects, both from exposed and control groups, had ventricular heart rhythm and repolarization disturbances. Blood pressure in ABPM, both systolic as well as diastolic, was normal and did not differ between the groups. Resting heart rate in the exposed group was significantly lower (p = 0.038) than in the control group. In the exposed group STD R-R from short-term records was significantly higher (p = 0.01). Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis showed that the low frequency power spectrum (LF) did not differ in the exposed and the control group, while high frequency (HF) was significantly higher in the exposed group. LF/HF ratio was significantly lower in the exposed in comparison with the control group. Conclusions: Although we did not reveal significant abnormalities in ECG as well as in ABPM in the exposed group, it seems that neurovegetative disturbances (parasympathetic predominance) may serve as an early indicator of fine particulate dust effect on cardiovascular system. Key words:Ceramic industry, Heart rate variability, Air pollution, Respirable dust, Blood pressure monitoring, ABPM This study was supported by Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine: IMP 4.10./2004 "Occupational exposure to ultrafine particles (PM < 10 μm)" as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (manager of project: Irena Szadkowska-Stańczyk, prof.) and IMP 20.5 "Return to work after first acute coronary syndrome: The analysis of factors that affect the continuation of occupational activity" (manager of project: Elżbieta Gadzicka, MD, PhD).

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Modeling the Association between HR Variability and Illness in Elite Swimmers

Abstract: Swimmers' health maintenance requires particular attention when autonomic balance shows a sudden increase in parasympathetic indices in the supine position assessed 1 wk earlier evolving toward sympathetic predominance in supine and orthostatic positions.

Cited by 31 publications

References 38 publications

Nutrition, Illness, and Injury in Aquatic Sports

Nutrition, Illness, and Injury in Aquatic Sports

Tracking the performance, energetics and biomechanics of international versus national level swimmers during a competitive season

Cardiovascular changes in workers exposed to fine particulate dust

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