Modeling the Agricultural Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan

Yang, Y. C. E.; Ringler, Claudia; Brown, Casey; Mondal, Md. Alam Hossain

doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000710

Cited by 84 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Both studies concluded that hydropower development increased and would continue to increase dry-season streamflow, the main water source for dryseason irrigation due to the monsoon climate of this region. Studies in Pakistan (Yang et al 2016), Tanzania (Kadigi et al 2008), Turkey (Yüksel 2010), Sri Lanka (Molle et al 2008) and for the Western US (Chatterjee et al 1998) also reported differing relationships between irrigation and hydropower.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydropower versus irrigation—an analysis of global patterns

Zeng

Cai

Ringler

et al. 2017

Environ. Res. Lett.

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100

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Numerous reservoirs around the world provide multiple flow regulation functions; key among these are hydroelectricity production and water releases for irrigation. These functions contribute to energy and food security at national, regional and global levels. While reservoir operations for hydroelectricity production might support irrigation, there are also well-known cases where hydroelectricity production reduces water availability for irrigated food production. This study assesses these relationships at the global level using machine-learning techniques and multisource datasets. We find that 54% of global installed hydropower capacity (around 507 thousand Megawatt) competes with irrigation. Regions where such competition exists include the Central United States, northern Europe, India, Central Asia and Oceania. On the other hand, 8% of global installed hydropower capacity (around 79 thousand Megawatt) complements irrigation, particularly in the Yellow and Yangtze River Basins of China, the East and West Coasts of the United States and most river basins of Southeast Asia, Canada and Russia. No significant relationship is found for the rest of the world. We further analyze the impact of climate variables on the relationships between hydropower and irrigation. Reservoir flood control functions that operate under increased precipitation levels appear to constrain hydroelectricity production in various river basins of the United States, South China and most basins in Europe and Oceania. On the other hand, increased reservoir evaporative losses and higher irrigation requirements due to higher potential evaporation levels may lead to increased tradeoffs between irrigation and hydropower due to reduced water availability in regions with warmer climates, such as India, South China, and the Southern United States. With most reservoirs today being built for multiple purposes, it is important for policymakers to understand and plan for growing tradeoffs between key functions. This will be particularly important as climate mitigation calls for an increase in renewable energy while agro-hydrological impacts of climate change, population and economic growth and associated dietary change increase the need for irrigated food production in many regions round the world.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydropower versus irrigation—an analysis of global patterns

Zeng

Cai

Ringler

et al. 2017

Environ. Res. Lett.

Self Cite

100

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“…Al-Ansari et al 2015, Bonsch et al 2016, Bowe and van der Horst 2015, Daccache et al 2014, Daher and Mohtar 2015, Damerau et al 2016, Haie 2015, Jalilov et al 2015, Karlberg et al 2015, Martin-Gorriz et al 2014, Perrone and Hornberger 2016, Ringler et al 2016, Scott 2011, Smajgl et al 2016, Topi et al 2016, van Vuuren et al 2015, Villarroel Walker et al 2012, Walsh et al 2016, Welsch et al 2014, Wolfe et al 2016, Yang et al 2016a, 2016b Footprinting(13) Cottee et al 2016, Daccache et al 2014, Damerau et al 2016, Elbehri and Sadiddin 2016, Heckl et al 2015, Irabien and Darton 2015, Kajenthira Grindle et al 2015, Lacirignola et al 2014, Pacetti et al 2015, Roibás et al 2015, Rulli et al 2016, Talozi et al 2015, Vlotman and Ballard 2014 Daher and Mohtar 2015, Hurford and Harou 2014, Mayor et al 2015, Perrone and Hornberger 2016, Rulli et al 2016, Scott and Sugg 2015, Smidt et al 2016, van Vuuren et al 2015, Xiang et al 2016 Cottee et al 2016, de Strasser et al 2016, Elbehri and Sadiddin 2016, Endo et al 2015, Giupponi and Gain 2016, Karabulut et al 2016, Keskinen et al 2015, King and Carbajales-Dale 2016, King and Jaafar 2015, Li et al 2016, Martin-Gorriz et al 2014, Moioli et al 2016, Ozturk 2015, Roibás et al 2015, Scott 2011, Stucki and Sojamo 2012, Topi et al 2016, Zimmerman et al 2016 Cottee et al 2016, de Strasser et al 2016, Endo et al 2015, Halbe et al 2015, Karlberg et al 2015, Martin-Gorriz et al 2014, Sharma et al 2010, Villamayor-Tomas et al 2015 Bonsch et al 2016, Karlberg et al 2015, Ringler et al 2016, van Vuuren et al 2015, Walsh et al 2016, Yang et al 2016a Climate, Land-Use, Energy and Water Strategies (CLEWS) model (2) Howells et al 2013, Welsch et al 2014 Hydro-economic modeling (3) Bekchanov and Lamers 2016, Jalilov et al 2015, 2016, Yang et al 2016b…”

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confidence: 99%

The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment

Albrecht

Crootof

Scott

2018

Environ. Res. Lett.

578

430

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The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is rapidly expanding in scholarly literature and policy settings as a novel way to address complex resource and development challenges. The nexus approach aims to identify tradeoffs and synergies of water, energy, and food systems, internalize social and environmental impacts, and guide development of cross-sectoral policies. However, while the WEF nexus offers a promising conceptual approach, the use of WEF nexus methods to systematically evaluate water, energy, and food interlinkages or support development of socially and politically-relevant resource policies has been limited.This paper reviews WEF nexus methods to provide a knowledge base of existing approaches and promote further development of analytical methods that align with nexus thinking. The systematic review of 245 journal articles and book chapters reveals that (a) use of specific and reproducible methods for nexus assessment is uncommon (less than one-third); (b) nexus methods frequently fall short of capturing interactions among water, energy, and food-the very linkages they conceptually purport to address; (c) assessments strongly favor quantitative approaches (nearly three-quarters); (d) use of social science methods is limited (approximately one-quarter); and (e) many nexus methods are confined to disciplinary silos-only about one-quarter combine methods from diverse disciplines and less than one-fifth utilize both quantitative and qualitative approaches.To help overcome these limitations, we derive four key features of nexus analytical tools and methods-innovation, context, collaboration, and implementation-from the literature that reflect WEF nexus thinking. By evaluating existing nexus analytical approaches based on these features, we highlight 18 studies that demonstrate promising advances to guide future research. This paper finds that to address complex resource and development challenges, mixed-methods and transdisciplinary approaches are needed that incorporate social and political dimensions of water, energy, and food; utilize multiple and interdisciplinary approaches; and engage stakeholders and decision-makers.Modeling the agricultural water-energy-food nexus in the Indus River Basin Pakistan.

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“…It should be noted that the application of Equations (2), (5) and (6) require some assumptions: (1) the pumping days in Equation (2) are assumed to be a constant value; (2) in the application of Equation (5), it is assumed that the wells are pumping at constant flow rates from a confined infinite aquifer, and the wells are pumping continuously with a constant pumping rate on all of the pumping days;…”

Section: The Form Of the Objective Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 70% of freshwater consumption in the arid region is occupied for agricultural irrigation [1]. The challenges of water resource shortage have been posed as the increase of world population expecting demand of 50% more food and 30% more water by 2030 [2]. It is important to investigate the best agricultural water management policy for the arid region [3], as well as the usage of several advanced technologies (such as improving estimation of cropland evapotranspiration [4], detecting the trend of precipitation Water 2019, 11,1185 2 of 16 variations [5], and applying satellite data [6]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Method for Optimizing Layout of Irrigated Pumping Well in Oasis

Wang

Liu

et al. 2019

Water

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Optimization of irrigation well layout plays a vital role in the rational utilization of groundwater and to balance the water-energy nexus, especially in arid irrigation districts. This study proposes the mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) for well layout optimization with minimum well irrigation costs. This model efficiently establishes a link between irrigation area and wells to express the constraints of ensuring that irrigation area can be covered with optimal wells by using grid points to represent the irrigation area. It also uses the special ordered sets (SOS) modeling tool to decompose the mixed integer nonlinear programming into a mixed integer linear programming by assigning SOS-constrained weights to discrete points of a nonlinear function. This method was used in Cele Oasis of the Tarim Basin of the Xinjiang Province, an arid region in northwestern China. Since the original well layout was already established, different economic criteria like implicit cost and explicit cost were considered and two optimization results were yielded. The results showed that (1) the implicit cost optimization (ICO) and explicit cost optimization (ECO) reduced total costs by 7.64% and 3.56% compared with the condition of without optimization; and (2) the ICO and ECO reduced the optimal number of wells by 52.89% and 10.74% compared with the existing number of wells. Based on the analysis of the results, it is suggested that the manager should close uneconomical wells after determining the economic criteria. This method for well layout optimization can assist managers to make more rational plans for irrigation systems to exploit groundwater more efficiently, economically, and in a more environmentally friendly manner.

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Modeling the Agricultural Water–Energy–Food Nexus in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan

Cited by 84 publications

References 16 publications

Hydropower versus irrigation—an analysis of global patterns

Hydropower versus irrigation—an analysis of global patterns

The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment

A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Method for Optimizing Layout of Irrigated Pumping Well in Oasis

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