Modeling, state of charge estimation, and charging of lithium‐ion battery in electric vehicle: A review

Abstract

Extension of driving range and battery run time optimization are necessary key points in the modeling of Electric Vehicle (EV). In this view, Battery Management System (BMS) plays a major role to ensure a safe and trustworthy battery operation, especially when using Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in an electric vehicle. Key function of BMS is State of Charge (SoC) estimation. A well-parameterized battery model is required for accurate state estimation. Consequently, the major factors to be considered in battery modeling are the SoC estimation and charging methodology of an effective BMS development. By focusing on these features, in this paper, the well-known battery models such as the electrochemical model, equivalent circuit model, and data-driven model are comprehensively reviewed along with their strengths and weaknesses. Further, the SoC estimation of a battery is also discussed by using standard methodologies such as direct estimation methods and model-based estimation methods. The comparisons of the three most distinct battery models and the classification of SoC estimation techniques to develop a proper BMS for EV with the focus on accuracy, configuration effort, computational complexity, ease of implementation, and real-time applications are systematically reviewed. In addition to this, convenient battery charging approaches with the consideration of some constraints such as charging time, charging efficiency, state of charge, state of health, charging voltage threshold, capacity fade, power fade, aging effect, capacity utilization, impedance rise, and temperature rise of the battery in EV are presented. Finally, the perspectives of the existing work and the recommended future research work of BMS are summarized.

Sunflower Optimization Algorithm Based Filtering Method for State of Charge Estimation of Batteries in Electric Vehicle

“…respectively. According to circuit theory, the equations for Two RC-ECM for discharging scenarios under constant current are given by (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6).…”

“…For a generic RC circuit pair, the current to voltage relationship can be written using ( 5) and (6).…”

“…Therefore, precise estimation of SOC is most important for EV. But it is a challenging task since it cannot be directly assessed using any kind of sensor or measuring instrument [6]. It needs to be estimated using measured variables such as current, voltage, and temperature [7], [8].…”

State of charge estimation of an electric vehicle's battery using tiny neural network embedded on small microcontroller units

“…The approaches and methods proposed in the literature to estimate the SOC of Li‐ion batteries 10 can be divided into three categories, 11 namely, conventional, model‐based, and data‐driven. The conventional methods are based on a direct measurement of the battery's capacity with coulomb counting or open‐circuit voltage methods.…”

Freestanding V 5 O 12 · 6H 2 O‐CNTs composite films as cathode for foldable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are used in various devices due to their high energy density. [1][2][3] However, the scarcity and price of lithium resources force us to find alternative new energy sources. Meanwhile, combustible organic electrolytes cannot achieve safety under foldable conduction.…”