Modeling spatial distribution of Rhombomys opimus as the main reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Iran

Sofizadeh, Aioub; Hanafi-Bojd, AA; Shoraka, HR

doi:10.4103/0972-9062.256565

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Recent studies in the province using geographical information systems (GIS) have shown that hotspot areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis and distribution of R. opimus completely overlaps with each other particularly in the north and northeastern parts of the province, where in this areas, the presence probability of Ph. papatasi is more high (42)(43). Findings also suggest that the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis may be significantly correlated with the number of rodents' active burrows and frequency of Ph.…”

Section: Relationship Between the Spread Of Disease And Distribution mentioning

confidence: 83%

Eco-Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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Background and objective: zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is one of the most important health problems in Golestan Province, northeastern Iran. Several studies have investigated various aspects of the disease in this province. Herein, we provide a detailed review of the results of all studies related to leishmaniasis to give a reliable insight into the state of the disease in this province. Methods: The search for articles was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science without language restriction until the beginning of 2019. Articles in Persian were retrieved from the Magiran, Scientific Information Database, and IranMedex. Overall, 41 articles were subjected to content analysis under the different themes. Results: Counties of Gonbad-e-Kavus and Maraveh Tappeh are endemic areas of ZCL with an incidence rate 99.4-379.1 in 100000 population and has mesoendemic situation in these counties. Leishmania major is the dominant (99.1%) agent of leishmaniasis. Among 18 sandflies species detected in the province, Phlebotomus papatasi was the main vector of the disease with a mean infection rate of 9.2%. Peak of sandflies activity was recorded in the mid-July and mid-September. Rhombomys opimus and Meriones libycus were the main reservoirs of this disease with a mean infection rate of 25.3 and 31.8%. The density of sandflies and wild rodents were highest in the endemic areas for ZCL. Conclusion: In Golestan Province, ZCL has been in a hypoendemic situation and in some areas in a mesoendemic situation and has increased significantly in recent years, so it is recommended to investigate the reasons for this increase.

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Section: Relationship Between the Spread Of Disease And Distribution mentioning

confidence: 83%

Eco-Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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“…Studies have highlighted the importance of understanding the ecological relationships among reservoir hosts, parasites, and vectors in controlling the spread of leishmaniasis. Climatic variables play a crucial role in predicting the distribution of reservoir species like Rhombomys opimus(28,33,91,3,93, 72,114,46,54,59).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Environmental and climatic factors such as temperature, humidity and land use changes due to deforestation and irrigation also influence the habitats and behaviour of vectors. Human activities, including construction and population movements, have been associated with the spread of ZCL in Iran (55)(56)(57)41,11). The transfer of ZCL depends on ecological and economic conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eighteen out of 31 provinces in Iran have areas where these diseases are common, and about 80% of the cases are due to zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). The remaining percentage is caused by anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) (12,(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57). Iran is one of the most important areas in Asia where cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is widespread.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiological Aspects of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran, the Middle East, and Worldwide: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

jamali,

Bokaie

2024

Preprint

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Introduction and objectives: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) remains a significant health problem, particularly in Iran, where 15.8 cases per 100,000 people were reported in 2019. Iran accounted for more than half of all new cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region in 2008. entified several countries in the Middle East and North Africa, including Syria, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya and Egypt, as having the highest rates of this disease, which is a major burden in the rural areas of these regions. ZCL is a major global health problem, especially in countries such as Iran, the Middle East and North Africa.ZCL is a major global health problem, particularly in countries such as Iran, the Middle East and North Africa. Despite the existing research on cutaneous leishmaniasis, few studies focus exclusively on the epidemiologic aspects of ZCL. This systematic study aims to fill this gap by investigating the geographical distribution and cause of occurrence and identifying reservoirs, vectors and sites of ZCL occurrence, focusing on high-risk areas such as Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa in figure 8. Areas suitable for vector-borne transmission and ZCL reservoirs are expected to increase in the future. Understanding the ecological links between vectors, reservoirs and the Leishmania parasite is crucial for the development of effective control and prevention strategies. It is expected that the regions favorable for vector-borne transmission and the reservoirs of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) will expand as environmental conditions evolve. To develop effective control and prevention strategies, it is important to understand the ecological interplay between vectors, reservoirs and the leishmaniasis parasite. Climate change is expected to exacerbate the threat of ZCL by 2050, potentially increasing the suitability of habitats for vectors and reservoirs. This study uniquely examines the epidemiologic aspects of ZCL globally, filling a gap in the current literature that predominantly addresses cutaneous leishmaniasis in a broader context. Results: This study provides a detailed insight into the increasing prevalence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. It identifies Iran, where 18 out of 31 provinces are affected, as a critical area, especially the central provinces. Key factors such as Leishmania reservoirs in rodents, emerging reservoirs, and specific vectors contribute significantly to the transmission of the disease and are influenced by environmental and climatic conditions in Iran, the Middle East, and North Africa. The study highlights new hotspots in Iran, such as Beyza district in Fars province and regions in Isfahan and Razavi Khorasan provinces, which indicate the dynamic nature of the spread of ZCL associated with urbanization and climate change. Predictive modeling suggests that an increase in ZCL may soon occur in northwestern Iran due to suitable environmental conditions for the vectors and reservoirs. On the other hand, the identification of new reservoirs was an important result. These included different hedgehog species (Paraechinus aethiopicus, Atelerix algirus, and Hemiechinus auritus) in Algeria, Tunisia, and Iran as well as calomyscid rodents in Shiraz, the capital of the Iranian province of Fars. Interestingly, specific vectors and reservoirs make Tunisia and Algeria high-risk areas in North Africa, emphasizing the need for regional integrated control measures. The results highlight a crucial gap in the research and control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis outside Iran. In the last ten years, the focus has been less on the Middle East and Central Asia, although the disease is widespread in these regions. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the critical need for a combined approach to the control and prevention of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). This study emphasizes the role of climate change and urban expansion in influencing disease dynamics. The identification of new endemic areas and prediction of future hotspots in Iran will provide valuable insights for targeting prevention and control measures. This underlines the importance of regional collaboration and adaptive strategies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries to effectively tackle this neglected tropical disease as part of the One Health approach. As the first comprehensive study on the epidemiology of ZCL, this study fills a significant gap in the literature and provides a foundation for future research and public health interventions to mitigate the global impact of ZCL. This systematic review highlights the complicated and multifaceted nature of the disease, which is influenced by various vectors, reservoir hosts, and environmental factors. This comprehensive review not only deepens our understanding of the epidemiology of ZCL, but also provides crucial insights for health managers and policy makers. This knowledge can help them to identify high-risk areas, implement targeted prevention measures, and develop effective control programs to combat this endemic disease. Keywords: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Iran, MiddleEast, Epidemiology, Reservoir, Vector, Systematic Review

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“…The epidemiology of leishmaniases is complicated and mainlly depends on the features of the parasite and sand fly species, the local ecological characteristics of the transmission areas, past and present exposure of human population to the parasite, and human behavior patterns [ 5 , 10 – 13 ]. Each leishmania species causes distinct clinical symptoms with different degrees of severity in the hosts, ranging from localized skin lesions to the reticuloendothelial system involvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of bacteria expectorated during forced salivation of the Phlebotomus papatasi: A neglected component of sand fly infectious inoculums

Maleki-Ravasan,

Ghafari,

Najafzadeh

et al. 2024

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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The infectious inoculum of a sand fly, apart from its metacyclic promastigotes, is composed of factors derived from both the parasite and the vector. Vector-derived factors, including salivary proteins and the gut microbiota, are essential for the establishment and enhancement of infection. However, the type and the number of bacteria egested during salivation is unclear. In the present study, sand flies of Phlebotomus papatasi were gathered from three locations in hyperendemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Isfahan Province, Iran. By using the forced salivation assay and targeting the 16S rRNA barcode gene, egested bacteria were characterized in 99 (44%) out of 224 sand flies. Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods identified the members of Enterobacter cloacae and Spiroplasma species as dominant taxa, respectively. Ten top genera of Spiroplasma, Ralstonia, Acinetobacter, Reyranella, Undibacterium, Bryobacter, Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium, Psychrobacter, and Wolbachia constituted >80% of the saliva microbiome. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the presence of only one bacterial species for the Spiroplasma, Ralstonia, Reyranella, Bryobacter and Wolbachia, two distinct species for Cutibacterium, three for Undibacterium and Psychrobacter, 16 for Acinetobacter, and 27 for Corynebacterium, in the saliva. The abundance of microbes in P. papatasi saliva was determined by incorporating the data on the read counts and the copy number of 16S rRNA gene, about 9,000 bacterial cells, per sand fly. Both microbiological and metagenomic data indicate that bacteria are constant companions of Leishmania, from the intestine of the vector to the vertebrate host. This is the first forced salivation experiment in a sand fly, addressing key questions on infectious bite and competent vectors.

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Modeling spatial distribution of Rhombomys opimus as the main reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeastern Iran

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

Eco-Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran: A Systematic Review

Eco-Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran: A Systematic Review

Epidemiological Aspects of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran, the Middle East, and Worldwide: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Characterization of bacteria expectorated during forced salivation of the Phlebotomus papatasi: A neglected component of sand fly infectious inoculums

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