“…Energy and environment are the hot issues in current research (Aksoy et al, 2023; Beni and Esmaeili, 2019; Esmaeili and Saremnia, 2018; He et al, 2023; Iqbal et al, 2023; Irshad et al, 2023; Saremnia et al, 2016; Tamashiro et al, 2023; Wang et al, 2023), among which oil resources is closely related to world economy and politics (Candila et al, 2021). Oil–water flows in horizontal and inclined pipes widely existed in the oil industry (Hu et al, 2020; Osundare et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2020).…”