Modeling Photon Counting Detector Anode Street Impact on Detector Energy Response

Lai, Xiaochun; Shirono, Jumpei; Araki, H.; Budden, Brent; Cai, Liang; Kawata, Go; Mitsuya, Hiroaki; Qiang, Y.; Ye, Zhihong; Zhan, X.; Zimmerman, Kevin; Nakai, Hiroyuki; Suzuki, Koshiro; Thompson, Richard B.

doi:10.1109/trpms.2020.3013245

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Intense investigations have been made on the effects of charge-sharing and cross-talk phenomena in CZT and CdTe pixel detectors [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Charge-sharing events are generated by the splitting of the charge cloud created by a single interacting event and collected by two or more pixels.…”

Section: Charge-sharing Cross-talk Phenomena and Correction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two key features characterize this technique: (i) first, the modeling does not depend on the photon energy, but it is only related to the physical and geometrical characteristics of the electrode layout; (ii) second, it can be easily obtained even with uncollimated photon beams. This approach was successfully applied to several CZT and CdTe pixel detectors [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ] with improvements in energy resolution and counting efficiency. However, since this technique is applied to shared events involving only two adjacent pixels ( m = 2), multiple coincidences with m > 2 are still rejected from the measured energy spectra.…”

Section: Charge-sharing Cross-talk Phenomena and Correction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as widely shown in both CdTe and CZT pixel detectors, charge losses at the inter-pixel gap often create incomplete energy recovery after CSA [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Recently, an energy-recovery technique for double charge shared events ( m = 2) was proposed by our group [ 20 ] and successfully applied to several CZT and CdTe pixel detectors [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Despite the benefits on detector performance, this technique can only be applied to shared events involving only two adjacent pixels ( m = 2) and, therefore, multiple coincidences with m > 2 and coincidences with diagonal pixels are rejected from the measured energy spectra.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Recovery of Multiple Charge Sharing Events in Room Temperature Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

Buttacavoli

Gerardi

Principato

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Multiple coincidence events from charge-sharing and fluorescent cross-talk are typical drawbacks in room-temperature semiconductor pixel detectors. The mitigation of these distortions in the measured energy spectra, using charge-sharing discrimination (CSD) and charge-sharing addition (CSA) techniques, is always a trade-off between counting efficiency and energy resolution. The energy recovery of multiple coincidence events is still challenging due to the presence of charge losses after CSA. In this work, we will present original techniques able to correct charge losses after CSA even when multiple pixels are involved. Sub-millimeter cadmium–zinc–telluride (CdZnTe or CZT) pixel detectors were investigated with both uncollimated radiation sources and collimated synchrotron X rays, at energies below and above the K-shell absorption energy of the CZT material. These activities are in the framework of an international collaboration on the development of energy-resolved photon counting (ERPC) systems for spectroscopic X-ray imaging up to 150 keV.

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Section: Charge-sharing Cross-talk Phenomena and Correction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Charge-sharing Cross-talk Phenomena and Correction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Recovery of Multiple Charge Sharing Events in Room Temperature Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

Buttacavoli

Gerardi

Principato

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…The lowest trigger threshold is set sufficiently above the noise floor of the system (at least two standard deviations above the mean of the noise [42]) that it cannot be triggered without the presence of an X-ray interaction. This effectively makes false counts due to electronic noise impossible, and indeed impressive images have been achieved showing zero counts over long exposures when X-ray sources were absent.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These simulations also revealed that whilst a CSCA that groups P × P pixels of size Y µm × Y µm can maintain the spatial resolution of Y µm × Y µm pixels, its spectral performance is not as good as if the pixels were replaced with a single pixel of size PY µm × PY µm and no CSCA. This is due to a range of effects, including charge trapping in inter-anode streets [42] and poorer charge induction efficiencies in the volumes above these streets.…”

Section: X-csi-specific Design Considerations/limitations and Their Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of X-ray Photon Counting Spectral Imaging (x-CSI) with a Focus on Gold Nanoparticle Quantification in Oncology

Scienti

Darambara

2021

J. Imaging

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This review article offers an overview of the differences between traditional energy integrating (EI) X-ray imaging and the new technique of X-ray photon counting spectral imaging (x-CSI). The review is motivated by the need to image gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in vivo if they are to be used clinically to deliver a radiotherapy dose-enhancing effect (RDEE). The aim of this work is to familiarise the reader with x-CSI as a technique and to draw attention to how this technique will need to develop to be of clinical use for the described oncological applications. This article covers the conceptual differences between x-CSI and EI approaches, the advantages of x-CSI, constraints on x-CSI system design, and the achievements of x-CSI in AuNP quantification. The results of the review show there are still approximately two orders of magnitude between the AuNP concentrations used in RDEE applications and the demonstrated detection limits of x-CSI. Two approaches to overcome this were suggested: changing AuNP design or changing x-CSI system design. Optimal system parameters for AuNP detection and general spectral performance as determined by simulation studies were different to those used in the current x-CSI systems, indicating potential gains that may be made with this approach.

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Charge Sharing and Cross Talk Effects in High-Z and Wide-Bandgap Compound Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

Buttacavoli

Principato²,

Gerardi³

et al. 2023

High-Z Materials for X-Ray Detection

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Modeling Photon Counting Detector Anode Street Impact on Detector Energy Response

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Energy Recovery of Multiple Charge Sharing Events in Room Temperature Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

Energy Recovery of Multiple Charge Sharing Events in Room Temperature Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

An Overview of X-ray Photon Counting Spectral Imaging (x-CSI) with a Focus on Gold Nanoparticle Quantification in Oncology

Charge Sharing and Cross Talk Effects in High-Z and Wide-Bandgap Compound Semiconductor Pixel Detectors

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