Modeling Organic Carbon Dynamics and Cadmium Fate in Long‐Term Sludge‐Amended Soil

Abstract

A model is described that may help to resolve uncertainty and controversy over the long-term consequences of sludge applications to arable land, especially with regard to the effects of sludge adsorption characteristics on trace metal solubility and bioavailability (e.g., the sludge "time bomb" or sludge "protection" hypotheses). Mass balances of organic and inorganic material derived from sludge and crop residues are simulated. Each pool has a potentially different adsorption affinity for trace metals, and this leads to changes in the adsorption capacity of sludge-amended soil that influence leaching and crop uptake. Model simulations were compared with measured changes in organic carbon and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-extractable cadmium contents in a clay loam soil following 41 years of sludge applications. The model adequately reproduced the data, although discrepancies in the vertical distribution of Cd were attributed to the effects of macropore transport and root-uptake driven recirculation. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the most important parameters affecting leaching and crop uptake were the Cd loading and parameters controlling adsorption, especially the partition coefficient for sludge-derived inorganic material and the exponent regulating the effect of pH on sorption. Scenario simulations show that no general conclusions can be drawn with respect to the validity of the sludge "time bomb" and sludge "protection" hypotheses. Either may occur, or neither, depending on three key system parameters: the ratio of sludge adsorption capacity to the initial adsorption capacity of the soil, the proportion of the sludge adsorption capacity contributed by the inorganic fraction, and the sludge Cd loading.

DGT estimates cadmium accumulation in wheat and potato from phosphate fertilizer applications

“…Increasing Cd input generally resulted in increasing Cd plant at three out of four sites. However, similar to Cd DGT , plant Cd uptake has been shown to vary widely with slight changes in soil physical and chemical parameters (Bergkvist and Jarvis, 2004 and Wang et al, 2006). …”

Copper Mobility in Soils as Affected by Sewage Sludge and Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids

“…Not reaching the maximum copper concentration for both sewage sludges is an indication that sewage sludges adsorb a large quantity of copper and potentially other heavy metals. Bergkvist and Jarvis (2004) found that soils amended with sewage sludge have a very high adsorption capacity with regard to cadmium. Liu and Wang (2004) studied in situ speciation of copper-humic substances in a contaminated soil during electrokinetic remediation and found that copper-humic substances were associated with 50% of the total copper contained in the soil.…”

Mobility of Cd and Zn in polluted and unpolluted Spodosols

“…It is not clear to what extent preferential flow will contribute to metal leaching at the field scale. Bergkvist & Jarvis (2004) attributed the difference between modelled and observed Cd profiles in a well-structured clay loam soil, amended with sewage sludge, to the effects of macropore transport.…”