Modeling organic aerosols during MILAGRO: application of the CHIMERE model and importance of biogenic secondary organic aerosols

Abstract

Abstract. The meso-scale chemistry-transport model CHIMERE is used to assess our understanding of major sources and formation processes leading to a fairly large amount of organic aerosols (OA, including primary OA (POA) and secondary OA (SOA)) observed in Mexico City during the MILAGRO field project (March 2006). Chemical analyses of submicron aerosols from aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) indicate that organic particles found in the Mexico City basin contain a large fraction of oxygenated organic species (OOA) which have strong correspondence with SOA, and that their production actively continues downwind of the city. The SOA formation is modeled here by the one-step oxidation of anthropogenic (i.e. aromatics, alkanes), biogenic (i.e. monoterpenes and isoprene), and biomass-burning SOA precursors and their partitioning into both organic and aqueous phases. The near-surface model evaluation shows that predicted OA correlates reasonably well with measurements during the campaign, however it remains a factor of 2 lower than the measured total OA. Fairly good agreement is found between predicted and observed POA within the city suggesting that anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions are reasonably captured. Consistent with previous studies in Mexico City, large discrepancies are encountered for SOA, with a factor of 2–10 model underestimate. When only anthropogenic SOA precursors were considered, the model was able to reproduce within a factor of two the sharp increase in SOA concentrations during the late morning at both urban and near-urban locations but the discrepancy increases rapidly later in the day, consistent with previous results, and is especially obvious when the column-integrated SOA mass is considered instead of the surface concentration. The increase in the missing SOA mass in the afternoon coincides with the sharp drop in POA suggesting a tendency of the model to excessively evaporate the freshly formed SOA. Predicted SOA concentrations in our base case were extremely low when photochemistry was not active, especially overnight, as the SOA formed in the previous day was mostly quickly advected away from the basin. These nighttime discrepancies were not significantly reduced when greatly enhanced partitioning to the aerosol phase was assumed. Model sensitivity results suggest that observed nighttime SOA concentrations are strongly influenced by a regional background SOA (~1.5 μg/m3) of biogenic origin which is transported from the coastal mountain ranges into the Mexico City basin. The relative contribution of biogenic SOA to monthly mean modeled SOA levels is estimated to be more than 30% within the city and up to 65–90% at the regional scale (even in the immediate vicinity of the city) which may help explain the significant amount of modern carbon in the aerosols inside the city during low biomass burning periods. The anthropogenic emissions of isoprene and its nighttime oxidation by NO3 were also found to enhance the SOA mean concentrations within the city by an additional 15%. Our results confirm the large underestimation of the SOA production by traditional models in polluted regions (estimated as 10–20 Tons within the Mexico City metropolitan area during the daily peak), and emphasize for the first time the role of biogenic precursors in this region, indicating that they cannot be neglected in modeling studies.

Evaluation of recently-proposed secondary organic aerosol models for a case study in Mexico City

“…The measured SOA was about 8 times larger than a conservative (high end) estimate from a SOA model based on empirical parameterization of chamber experiments. Their results were recently corroborated by Kleinman et al (2008) who reported a similar discrepancy of about an order of magnitude higher measured SOA than that expected from aromatic oxidation for Mexico City using aircraft data from the MI-LAGRO 2006 campaign, andHodzic et al (2009) and Tsimpidi et al (2009) who report model-measurement discrepancies of the same order when using traditional SOA models inside two different regional models over Mexico City. Chamber studies of SOA formation from diluted diesel exhaust and wood smoke also indicate very large discrepancies between measured and model SOA, very similar to what is observed in field studies Grieshop et al, 2009a).…”

“…On 9 April 2003 PBL WRF height at midnight is ∼400 m and is steadily decreasing until 8 a.m. to ∼100 m. The growth of PBL WRF starts after 8 a.m., and its height increases until 5 p.m. to ∼2500 m. It is clear that PBL WRF height changes in a much greater range than the base case PBL, and thus using PBL WRF in model simulations should cause more dilution and lower secondary mass concentrations. Comparison to tracer observations suggest that the collapse of the PBL in WRF at night is too strong compared to reality (Fast et al, 2009;Hodzic et al, 2009) and thus this PBL likely represents an extreme of the possible PBL variation. Indeed, applying PBL WRF to our case study results in an average decrease of total model SOA and gas-phase SVOC species mass between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. of 27% and 20%, respectively.…”

Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols

“…Hodzic et al, 2009) using the current assessment of the uncertainties in dispersion and the emission inventories. If one assumes POA is non-volatile, then errors in POA predictions will results from uncertainties in the emission inventories, transport and mixing processes, and deposition.…”

“…In contrast to many large cities, Mexico City is a challenging location to evaluate particulate models because of the multiple anthropogenic, biomass burning, volcanic, and dust sources of primary particulates and particulate precursors. SOA in the vicinity of Mexico City originating from biogenic precursors are expected to be low in concentration during the dry season, although biogenic SOA formed from emissions on the coastal ranges may make a contribution to background organic aerosols over Central Mexico (Hodzic et al, 2009). A wide range of continuous surface measurements and intermittent aircraft measurements is used to evaluate the model.…”

Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols

“…Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate predictions of POA so that SOA treatments can be evaluated later (e.g. Hodzic et al, 2009) using the current assessment of the uncertainties in dispersion and the emission inventories. If one assumes POA is non-volatile, then errors in POA predictions will results from uncertainties in the emission inventories, transport and mixing processes, and deposition.…”