Modeling of waning immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and influencing factors

Pérez‐Alós, Laura; Armenteros, José Juan Almagro; Madsen, Johannes Roth; Hansen, Cecilie Bo; Jarlhelt, Ida; Hamm, Sebastian Rask; Heftdal, Line Dam; Pries-Heje, Mia Marie; Møller, Dina Leth; Fogh, Kamille; Hasselbalch, Rasmus Bo; Rosbjerg, Anne; Brunak, Søren; Sørensen, Erik; Larsen, Margit Anita Hørup; Ostrowski, Sisse Rye; Frikke‐Schmidt, Ruth; Bayarri‐Olmos, Rafael; Hilsted, Linda; Iversen, Kasper; Bundgaard, Henning; Nielsen, Susanne Dam; Garred, Peter

doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29225-4

Cited by 150 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These findings are similar to a recent report showing that natural infection exhibit a lasting IgA response (28). Furthermore, in natural infection, anti-S1-IgA is known to dominate the early NTAb response (29).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

High but Short-lived anti-SARS-CoV2 neutralizing, IgM, IgA, and IgG levels among mRNA-vaccinees compared to naturally-infected participants

Abou-Saleh

Abo-Halawa

Younes

et al. 2022

Preprint

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1.AbstractBackgroundWaning of protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants by pre-existing antibodies elicited due to current vaccination or natural infection is a global concern. Whether this is due to waning of immunity to SARS-COV-2 remains unclear.AimWe aimed to investigate dynamics of antibody isotype responses among vaccinated naïve (VN) and naturally infected (NI) individuals.MethodsWe followed up antibody levels in COVID-19 mRNA-vaccinated subjects without prior infection (VN, n=100) at two phases: phase-I (P-I) at ∼1.4 and phase-II (P-II) at ∼5.3 months. Antibody levels were compared to those of unvaccinated and naturally infected subjects (NI, n=40) at ∼1.7 (P-1) and 5.2 (P-II) months post-infection. Neutralizing antibodies (NTAb), anti-S-RBD-IgG, -IgM, and anti-S-IgA isotypes were measured.ResultsVN group produced significantly greater antibody responses (p<0.001) than NI group at P-I except for IgM. In VN group, a significant waning in antibody response was observed in all isotypes. There was about ∼ a 4-fold decline in NTAb levels (p<0.001), anti-S-RBD-IgG (∼5-folds, p<0.001), anti-S-RBD-IgM (∼6-folds, p<0.001), and anti-S1-IgA (2-folds, p<0.001). In NI group, a significant but less steady decline was notable in NTAb (∼1-folds, p<0.001), anti-S-RBD IgG (∼1-fold, p=0.005), and S-RBD-IgM (∼2-folds, p<0.001). Unlike VN group, NI group mounted a lasting anti-S1-IgA response with no significant decline. Anti-S1-IgA levels which were ∼3 folds higher in VN subjects compared to NI in P-1 (p<0.001), dropped to almost same levels, with no significant difference observed between the two groups in P-II.ConclusionWhile double dose mRNA vaccination boosted antibody levels, this “boost” was relatively short-lived in vaccinated individuals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

High but Short-lived anti-SARS-CoV2 neutralizing, IgM, IgA, and IgG levels among mRNA-vaccinees compared to naturally-infected participants

Abou-Saleh

Abo-Halawa

Younes

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Second, the present study did not investigate the durability of neutralizing antibody expression after full vaccination with the different vaccines and vaccine combinations. Emerging lines of evidence suggest that antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination may drop at different rates depending on various factors, including the type of vaccine, infection before or after vaccination, age, sex, T-cell response, and the interval between vaccine injections ( 49 , 50 ). Therefore, additional investigations are required to better define the stability of immune effectors after COVID-19 vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of IgA, IgG, and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Following Immunization With Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinopharm’s COVID-19 Vaccines

et al. 2022

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In an ongoing multinational trial, we obtained blood samples from 365 volunteers vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (Moderna, BioNTech), viral DNA-vectored vaccines (AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, and Johnson and Johnson), or the attenuated virus vaccine from Sinopharm. After collecting reactogenicity data, the expression of S-Protein binding IgG and IgA was analyzed using an automated sandwich ELISA system. Serum neutralizing potentials were then investigated using an ACE-2-RBD neutralizing assay. Moderna’s vaccine induced the highest amounts of SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies compared to the other groups. In contrast, Sinopharm and Johnson and Johnson’s vaccinees presented the lowest SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers. Interestingly, moderate to high negative correlations between age and virus-specific IgG expression were observed in the Johnson and Johnson (ρ =-0.3936) and Sinopharm (ρ =-0.6977) groups according to Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. A negative correlation was seen between age and IgA expression in the Sputnik-V group (ρ =-0.3917). The analysis of virus neutralization potentials in age categories demonstrated that no significant neutralization potential was observed in older vaccinees (61and 80 years old) in the Sputnik-V Johnson and Johnson and Sinopharm vaccinees’ groups. In contrast, neutralization potentials in sera of Moderna, BioNTech, and AstraZeneca vaccinees were statistically comparable in all age categories. Furthermore, while the AstraZeneca vaccine alone induced moderate IgG and IgA expression, the combination with Moderna or BioNTech mRNA vaccines induced significantly higher antibody levels than a double dose of AstraZeneca and similar IgG expression and neutralization potential compared to Moderna or BioNTech vaccines used alone. These results suggest that mRNA vaccines are the most immunogenic after two doses. DNA vectored vaccines from AstraZeneca and Sputnik-V presented lower but significant antibody expression and virus neutralizing properties after two doses. The lowest antibody and neutralization potential were observed in the Sinopharm or Johnson and Johnson vaccinees. Especially elderly over 60 presented no significant increase in neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. The data also indicate that heterologous vaccination strategies combining the AstraZeneca DNA vectored vaccines and mRNA vaccines are more effective in the induction of neutralizing antibodies compared to their homologous counterparts.

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“…First, antibody responses and IgG levels could be influenced by natural infection, sex, and age [45]. In relation to previous infections with SARS-CoV-2 in patients who received the BNT162b2 vaccine, our selected articles were published during January to October 2021, and most of them were the first reports about this specific subject.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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The BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was the first emergency approved vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the variations in the humoral immune response induced by the administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, the elderly, and those with comorbidities and immunosuppression states. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of generated neutralizing antibodies against the new variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2. Pubmed, Science Direct, Mendeley, and WorldWide Science were searched between 1 January 2020 and October 2021 using the keywords “BNT162b2”, “serology”, “comorbidity”, “immunosuppression”, and “variants of concern”dA total of 20 peer-reviewed publications were selected. The analysis showed that those individuals with previous infections have a considerably higher antibody response after the administration of BNT162b2 vaccine in contrast with seronegative individuals. With regard to variation in immune responses, elderly individuals, patients with cancer, or patients who had undergone a kidney transplant, dialysis, or who were pregnant had a lower antibody response in comparison to healthy individuals. Finally, antibodies developed against the S protein produced by the BNT162b2 vaccine, possessed lower neutralizing activity against the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, patients with immunodeficiencies and comorbidities have a lesser antibody response, about which further studies need to be performed in order to analyze the effectiveness and duration of the humoral immunity associated with vaccination in these specific populations.

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Modeling of waning immunity after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and influencing factors

Cited by 150 publications

References 40 publications

High but Short-lived anti-SARS-CoV2 neutralizing, IgM, IgA, and IgG levels among mRNA-vaccinees compared to naturally-infected participants

High but Short-lived anti-SARS-CoV2 neutralizing, IgM, IgA, and IgG levels among mRNA-vaccinees compared to naturally-infected participants

Comparison of IgA, IgG, and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Following Immunization With Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinopharm’s COVID-19 Vaccines

Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review

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