Modeling of VSC-Based HVDC Systems for a Newton-Raphson OPF Algorithm

Optimal Power Flow Techniques under Characterization of Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources: A Comprehensive Analysis

“…The classical OPF is a problem with controllable variables, which is regulated to optimize an objective function, by satisfying physical and operating limits. In 2007, Pizano-Martinez et al [6] presented a Newton's algorithm based model of a voltage source converter-high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) system, which is fit for OPF solutions. The VSC-HVDC's capability to deliver the independent control of converter's AC voltage magnitudes and phase angles is well represented by the model, which permits active and reactive power control separately for system regulation.…”

Information Gap Decision Theory Based OPF With HVDC Connected Wind Farms

“…Hence in the case of VSC-HVDC, both B sh,m and Q sh,m are zero in the interface of AC/DC systems. Also, the equation (29) is introduced which reflects the relation between the DC voltage across the capacitor bank in the DC sides, and the corresponding converted AC voltage at the rectifier and inverter sides [35], [36].…”

“…where, M m is amplitude modulation ratio [36], and 0 ≤ M m ≤ 1 [35]. Besides, the limits on the active/reactive power flow of converters are the same with the LCC case, which is given by equations (17)- (19).…”

HVDC control strategies to improve transient stability in interconnected power systems

“…We refer to References [17], [18] for some practical examples of such secondary control levels. The four control strategies to compute the HVDC settings P DCset based on different input signals e are described hereafter.…”