Modeling of vertical transmission and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: Opportunities and challenges

Kirschen, Gregory W.; Burd, Irina

doi:10.3389/fviro.2023.1106634

Front. Virol.

2023

DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1106634

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Modeling of vertical transmission and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: Opportunities and challenges

Gregory W. Kirschen

Irina Burd²

Abstract: In addition to facilitating nutrient, oxygen, and waste transfer between developing fetus and mother, the placenta provides important immune barrier function against infection. Elucidation of the complexity of placental barrier function at the maternal-fetal interface has been greatly aided through experimental model organism systems. In this review, we focus on models of vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses whose vertical transmission during pregnancy can le… Show more

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Cited by 2 publications

References 38 publications

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Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues

Mihalić,

Železnjak,

Lisnić

et al. 2024

Cell Mol Immunol

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a representative member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses, is common in the human population, but immunocompetent individuals are generally asymptomatic when infected with this virus. However, in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns, CMV can cause a wide range of often long-lasting morbidities and even death. CMV is not only widespread throughout the population but it is also widespread in its hosts, infecting and establishing latency in nearly all tissues and organs. Thus, understanding the pathogenesis of and immune responses to this virus is a prerequisite for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Multiple arms of the immune system are engaged to contain the infection, and general concepts of immune control of CMV are now reasonably well understood. Nonetheless, in recent years, tissue-specific immune responses have emerged as an essential factor for resolving CMV infection. As tissues differ in biology and function, so do immune responses to CMV and pathological processes during infection. This review discusses state-of-the-art knowledge of the immune response to CMV infection in tissues, with particular emphasis on several well-studied and most commonly affected organs.

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Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues

Mihalić,

Železnjak,

Lisnić

et al. 2024

Cell Mol Immunol

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Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives

Trinh

Pham

Takada

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic growth factor playing various roles in the human body including cell growth and development. More functions of TGF-β1 have been discovered, especially its roles in viral infection. TGF-β1 is abundant at the maternal–fetal interface during pregnancy and plays an important function in immune tolerance, an essential key factor for pregnancy success. It plays some critical roles in viral infection in pregnancy, such as its effects on the infection and replication of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblasts. Interestingly, its role in the enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and replication in first-trimester trophoblasts has recently been reported. The above up-to-date findings have opened one of the promising approaches to studying the mechanisms of viral infection during pregnancy with links to corresponding congenital syndromes. In this article, we review our current and recent advances in understanding the roles of TGF-β1 in viral infection. Our discussion focuses on viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. We highlight the mutual roles of viral infection and TGF-β1 in specific contexts and possible functions of the Smad pathway in viral infection, with a special note on ZIKV infection. In addition, we discuss promising approaches to performing further studies on this topic.

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Modeling of vertical transmission and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: Opportunities and challenges

Cited by 2 publications

References 38 publications

Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues

Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues

Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives

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