Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: Iii. Quantification of Post-Exposure Lethality of Rats From Exposure To HCl Atmospheres

Hartzell, Gordon E.; Packham, SC; Grand, Arthur F.; Switzer, Walter G.

doi:10.1177/073490418500300304

Cited by 34 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…kPurser [13] *These values are not LCso's, but are estimates based on available data. [12] The 15-and 30-minute exposures yelded subjects that survived indefinitely [2] objective of combustion toxicity testing and hazard assessment. It was seen in this study that the guinea pig is a poor model for CO intoxication, in agreement with a previous report [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VII. Studies on Evaluation of Animal Models in Combustion Toxicology

Hartzell

Grand

Switzer

1988

Journal of Fire Sciences

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This study evaluated the potential use of the guinea pig as an animal model in conducting combustion toxicology experiments in which lethality is the endpoint. The guinea pig was found to be approximately three times as sensitive as the rat upon exposure to hydrogen chloride, presumably due to its tendency for bronchoconstriction. Compared to the rat, the guinea pig was relatively insensitive to carbon monoxide. Lethal effects of mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride showed additivity only at relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide. The lethal toxic potency of hydrogen cyanide was about the same for both the rat and the guinea pig. Based on comparisons of available toxicity data for humans and nonhuman primates, it was concluded that the rat is the better model when lethality studies are used. However, it is uncertain which animal model would be better when sublethal exposures, particularly to irritants, are considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The animal restraints and isolation system, used to protect the animals from the test atmosphere until equilibrium was established, were the same as those used in a previous study [2].…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VII. Studies on Evaluation of Animal Models in Combustion Toxicology

Hartzell

Grand

Switzer

1988

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…They used a range of exposure concentrations ranging from 190 ppm to 17290 ppm for a period of 5 minutes. The rat studies carried out by Hartzell et al (1985) suggested that concentrations over 16,000 ppm would prove lethal but that the animals should survive lower concentrations. This proved to be the case with baboons surviving exposure to 11,400 ppm or less, whereas baboons exposed to 16,570 or 17,290 ppm died in the weeks following exposure.…”

Section: The Toxicity Of Hydrogen Chloridementioning

confidence: 98%

The Combustion Toxicology of Polyvinylchloride Revisited

Doe¹

1987

Journal of Fire Sciences

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The combustion toxicology of polyvinylchloride (PVC) has been studied extensively against a background of increasing understanding of the relevance of the toxicity of combustion products in fires. Most materials have a similar toxic potency and demonstrate asphyxia and irritancy when thermally decomposed. Hydrogen chloride is a major toxicant produced by PVC, which accounts for the irritancy shown by PVC combustion products. Carbon monoxide is also produced which becomes the most significant toxicant if the hydrogen chloride levels are reduced, which can occur rapidly in fires. The toxic potency lies within the range of 300-3000 mg/l. mins, which is similar to the majority of polymeric materials whether natural or synthetic.The toxicity of PVC can be accounted for in hazard estimation either by an assumed toxic potency based on weight loss calculations or by predicting the concentrations of hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide. The toxicology of hydrogen chloride has been well studied and has been overestimated in the past and codes using toxicity factors for hydrogen chloride should be revised in the light of modern data. In addition, hydrogen chloride levels have been shown to decay rapidly in fires and this factor, coupled with the good flammability per-

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“…Several models have been developed to calculate the toxic dose of single or multiple gases generated by fire which reduces the need for tests [51][52][53][54][55][56]. The models can estimate, with varying degrees of accuracy, the concentration of gases needed to cause incapacitation and/or death.…”

Section: N-gas Model For Smoke Toxic Potencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Smoke Toxicity of Fiber-Polymer Composites Used in Aircraft

Mouritz

2009

Journal of Aircraft

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Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: Iii. Quantification of Post-Exposure Lethality of Rats From Exposure To HCl Atmospheres

Cited by 34 publications

References 3 publications

Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VII. Studies on Evaluation of Animal Models in Combustion Toxicology

Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VII. Studies on Evaluation of Animal Models in Combustion Toxicology

The Combustion Toxicology of Polyvinylchloride Revisited

Review of Smoke Toxicity of Fiber-Polymer Composites Used in Aircraft

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