Modeling of THz Comb Emission in Difference-Frequency Quantum Cascade Lasers

Popp, Johannes; Seitner, Lukas; Schreiber, Michael; Haider, Michael; Consolino, Luigi; Cappelli, Francesco; Natale, P. De; Fujita, Kazuue; Jirauschek, Christian

doi:10.1109/nusod54938.2022.9894839

Cited by 4 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…We have extended this approach by the inclusion of stochastic noise terms derived from the quantum Langevin equations to characterize the noise properties of the THz QCL HFC setup. The simulation results are illustrated in [50] and show good agreement with the experimental results. In fact, this realistic spontaneous emission noise is not amplified to macroscopic distortions, but intrinsically kept at low values.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…For spatiotemporal simulations of self-starting THz HFC QCL emission, we use a self-consistent multi-domain approach. To model the light-matter interaction in a THz HFC QCL, our open-source Maxwell-DM tool mbsolve is used [49], [50], [68]. All input parameters required for a complete description of the quantum system are extracted from our in-house open-source monacoQC framework [50], [69], a quantum cascade (QC) device simulation tool [70], [71].…”

Section: Multi-domain Simulation Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To model the light-matter interaction in a THz HFC QCL, our open-source Maxwell-DM tool mbsolve is used [49], [50], [68]. All input parameters required for a complete description of the quantum system are extracted from our in-house open-source monacoQC framework [50], [69], a quantum cascade (QC) device simulation tool [70], [71]. In the following, the monacoQC framework with the base library for QC device specifications and the charge carrier transport simulation results are explained in more detail.…”

Section: Multi-domain Simulation Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the extension of the common MB equations to multiple quantum states and a density-matrix description results in a more realistic model of the electron dynamics in the semiconductor and a versatile tool for simulating quantum optoelectronic devices [40], [45]- [52]. Within these approaches (MB, ESMB, Maxwell-DM), the formation of fundamental and harmonic OFC regimes as well as other nonlinear optical phenomena in QCLs were extensively studied [15], [24], [25], [42]- [47], [50]- [60].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi-Domain Modeling of Free-Running Harmonic Frequency Comb Formation in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers

Popp,

Seitner,

Naunheimer

et al. 2024

IEEE Photonics J.

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Optical frequency comb (OFC) emission in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is highly attractive for applications in metrology and sensing. Recently, coherent OFC mode-locking with large intermodal spacing was demonstrated in QCLs. These self-starting harmonic frequency combs (HFCs) show highly phase-stable operation and promise interesting perspectives towards optical or even quantum communication. Here, we present a detailed multi-domain modeling approach for the numerical study of QCLs. Our theoretical characterization is divided into stationary carrier transport simulations, based on the ensemble Monte Carlo method, and dynamical simulations of the lightmatter interaction, based on multi-level Maxwell-density matrix equations. We investigate the influence of the chosen eigenstate basis on the gain spectrum and present self-consistent simulation results of stable HFC operation in a double metal terahertz QCL. In our simulations, the studied QCL gain medium shows selfstarting harmonic mode-locking for different bias and waveguide configurations, resulting in a mode spacing of up to twelve times the cavity round trip frequency. Furthermore, we characterize the spectral time evolution of the coherent HFC formation process, yielding the spontaneous build-up of a dense multimode state which is gradually transferred into a broad and clear harmonic OFC state.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Multi-domain Simulation Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Multi-domain Simulation Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Multi-Domain Modeling of Free-Running Harmonic Frequency Comb Formation in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers

Popp,

Seitner,

Naunheimer

et al. 2024

IEEE Photonics J.

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show abstract

“…Its validity (without the inclusion of transmission line effects) has been confirmed for various QCL structures by comparison to experimental results. [ 49,50,72 ] In principle, the MLT model can be refined by using a

\mathbf {k}

‐dependent dynamical DM approach [ 73,74 ] and avoiding restrictions such as the time‐local nature of the Lindblad equation. [ 75–77 ] While this adds versatility to the model, the numerical cost increases significantly, thus impeding long‐term dynamical simulations.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Hybrid Microwave–Photonic Quantum Devices

Jirauschek

2023

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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The Maxwell–Lindblad transmission line (MLT) equations are introduced as a model for hybrid photonic and microwave‐electronic quantum devices. The hybrid concept has long enabled high‐bandwidth photodetectors and modulators by using waveguide structures supporting microwave–optical co‐propagation. Extending this technique to quantum‐engineered lasers provides a route for greatly improved short‐pulse and frequency comb operation, as impressively demonstrated for quantum cascade lasers. Even more, the self‐organized formation of coupled microwave and optical oscillation patterns has recently enabled photonics‐based ultralow‐noise microwave generation. The MLT model provides a suitable theoretical description for hybrid quantum devices by combining optical and microwave propagation equations with a Lindblad‐type approach for the quantum active region dynamics. A stable numerical scheme is presented, enabling realistic device simulations in excellent agreement with experimental data. Based on numerical results and analytical considerations, it is demonstrated that the functionality of the investigated hybrid quantum devices does not only rely on local coupling effects, but rather benefits from microwave‐optical co‐propagation, settling an ongoing debate. The MLT equations provide the basis for systematic device development and extension of the concept to other quantum‐engineered hybrid devices based on, for example, quantum dot or interband cascade structures, as well as for simplified analytical models providing additional intuitive insight.

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Multi-Domain Modeling of Free-Running Harmonic Frequency Comb Formation in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers

Popp,

Seitner,

Naunheimer

et al. 2023

Preprint

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<p>In our manuscript, we present a detailed multi-domain modeling approach for the numerical study of free-running harmonic frequency comb (HFC) formation in terahertz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). We investigate the influence of the chosen eigenstate basis on the gain spectrum and present self-consistent simulation results of stable HFC operation in a double metal terahertz QCL.<br> In our simulations, the studied QCL gain medium shows self-starting harmonic mode-locking for different bias and waveguide configurations, resulting in a mode spacing of up to eight times the cavity round trip frequency. Furthermore, we characterize the spectral time evolution of the coherent HFC formation process, yielding the spontaneous build-up of a dense multimode state which is gradually transferred into a broad and clear HFC state.</p>

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Modeling of THz Comb Emission in Difference-Frequency Quantum Cascade Lasers

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Multi-Domain Modeling of Free-Running Harmonic Frequency Comb Formation in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers

Multi-Domain Modeling of Free-Running Harmonic Frequency Comb Formation in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers

Theory of Hybrid Microwave–Photonic Quantum Devices

Multi-Domain Modeling of Free-Running Harmonic Frequency Comb Formation in Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers

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