Modeling of the index change in K^+–Na^+ ion-exchanged glass

Miliou, Amalia; Srivastava, Ramakant; Ramaswamy, Ramu V.

doi:10.1364/ao.30.000674

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…They are removed from the poled glass region and accumulate just beyond the poled region due to their lower mobility in comparison with the sodium ions [19,20]. K + ions have a larger polarizability than Na + ions and also cause stress-induced index changes resulting in an increase in the refractive index [19,23]. The index profile due to the K + ions can be observed to be approximately step-like in shape which is consistent with field assisted diffusion [22].…”

Section: Measurements On Poled Glassmentioning

confidence: 74%

Measurement of planar refractive index profiles with rapid variations in glass using interferometry and total variation regularized differentiation

Oven

2015

Journal of Modern Optics

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Planar refractive index profiles with rapid variations, formed in glass, are measured with interferometry. This involves forming a bevel in the glass and orientating the fringe pattern to be normal to the bevel edge. The index profile is determined by differentiation of the phase function of the fringe pattern. The differentiation has been performed using the total variation regularization method in order to preserve rapid changes in the derivative. This new approach avoids the necessity of filtering, in order to reduce noise, in the direction perpendicular to the bevel, which would otherwise smooth out the rapid index changes. The method is assessed using a model refractive index profile that contains an index gradient of 0.24 μm −1 and is then applied practically to measure the refractive index profile of electrically poled BK7 glass. The new approach allows the sharp transition in the index between poled and unpoled glass to be observed as well as the accumulation of potassium ions beyond the poled glass region.

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Section: Measurements On Poled Glassmentioning

confidence: 74%

Measurement of planar refractive index profiles with rapid variations in glass using interferometry and total variation regularized differentiation

Oven

2015

Journal of Modern Optics

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“…Prism coupling has typically an index resolution of ~10 -4 [35] and thus it could potentially be used as a convenient and sensitive method to assess the long term stability of poled glass layers. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where the stress optical coefficient C2 -C1 =2.38x10 -12 m 2 /N is obtained from the literature for glass of the same composition [35]. This gives σ~0.3 GN/m 2 , which is slightly less in magnitude than the compressive stress typically obtained for K + ion exchange experiments in soda-lime glass (-0.7 to -1 GN/m 2 ).…”

Section: Birefringence Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the refractive index of electrically poled soda-lime glass layers using leaky modes

Oven¹

2016

Appl. Opt.

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Oven, Robert (2016) Measurement of the refractive index of electrically poled soda-lime glass layers using leaky modes. Applied Optics, 55 (32 Electrically poled layers have been formed in soda-lime glass using graphite electrodes in air. The refractive index and thickness of the poled glass layers have been measured by the analysis of leaky optical modes. These modes are supported by the poled layer and can be determined by analysis of the optical reflectivity measured with a prism coupler arrangement. A relatively constant refractive index ~ 1.486 in the poled glass region is measured, which is ~0.03 below the substrate index. The reflectivity data shows that the transition between poled and un-poled glass is very sharp and is consistent with ion transport models. The thickness of the poled glass region is consistent with the removal of Na + and K + ions from the poled region. The index and depth data is confirmed by interferometric measurements. The tensile stress in the poled glass layer is also estimated from optical birefringence measurements and is estimated to be ~0.3 GN/m 2 .

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“…Local changes of volume and surface relief formation were observed in glasses subjected to ion exchange through a mask and also after electrically stimulated diffusion of metal from deposited film into glasses [20][21][22][23][24]. The reported origin of this phenomenon is the replacement of intrinsic ions of the glass by other ions of differing size.…”

Section: Surface Profilementioning

confidence: 99%