Modeling of nitric oxide formation in spark ignition engines with a multizone burned gas

Raine, Robert R.; Stone, C. R.; Gould, James S.

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(94)00268-w

Cited by 99 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Nitrogen dioxide is the focus pollutant for this study, and can be defined as a colourless, odourless, irritating gas formed when oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) generated during combustion reacts with Oxygen and Hydroxide at high temperature [10] [11] and is defined by the Zeldovich equations: …”

Section: Nitrogen Dioxide Formulation During Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Sampling of Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide at Toll Plazas in Malaysia

Ekeu-wei¹,

Azuma²,

Ogunmuyiwa³

2018

OJAP

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With the increasing trend of development and industrialization in Malaysia, air pollution has become an inevitable part of the process, resulting from increased vehicular activities and industrial processes. Toll operators are potentially exposed to high levels of air pollutants from working in proximity to traffic pollution sources, thereby increasing their risk of health defects associated with air pollution exposure. This study assessed the levels of Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) toll operators are exposed to, considering the influences traffic density and meteorological factors. This is intended to serve as an indicator of the cumulative pollution emanating from the combustion process of vehicles at toll plazas. Using Passive diffusion samplers saturated with Triethanolamine (TEA), the weekly indoor and outdoor NO 2 concentrations at tollbooth were measured at Sungai Besi (SB), Kajang (KJ) and Putra-Makhota (PM) toll Plazas, to capture the varying traffic densities of 138,000, 65,000 and 24,100 vehicles/day respectively. The results showed that NO 2 concentrations increase with traffic densities, and indoor NO 2 concentrations correlated highly with outdoor NO 2 concentrations (R 2 : SB = 0.767, KJ = 0.689 and PM = 0.877). The indoor/outdoor NO 2 ratio varied from 0.7 to 1.2 for all toll booths, suggesting pollution control in-efficiency, caused by technical and behavioural factors. Also, meteorological factors had no significant effect on nitrogen dioxide concentrations, contrary to previous studies, which is likely due to the far distance between tool plazas and meteorological stations. Furthermore, the NO 2 concentrations reported in this study were higher in comparison to weekly standards adopted in Germany (0.032 ppm) and previous literature. Therefore, toll operators are potentially exposed to high levels of pollution, and we advise that toll operators to wear pollution protection gears to reduce the risk of exposure, and the ventilation systems and mitigation measure (air curtain) reviewed to assess its efficiency.

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Section: Nitrogen Dioxide Formulation During Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Sampling of Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide at Toll Plazas in Malaysia

Ekeu-wei¹,

Azuma²,

Ogunmuyiwa³

2018

OJAP

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“…(1) (2) 4n2h,(T, -T) = mclT + (dmldt)Ly where r is the droplet radius, T the droplet temperature, c, and p~ are the specific heat and density of the liqnid, L, the latent heat of vaporization, T, the ambient temperature, hthe convection coefficient and dnddt the mass transfer rate. For the model, the internal Details ol the theoretical considerations are out of the scope of this shidy.…”

Section: ) Preparation Of Fuels For Oxidation: Atomization and Vapormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) a droplet-vaporization model inclnding mnltiple components and real-gas effects, 2) an improved droplet dispersion model (so-called linear-filter model), and 3) ii swirl 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 correction to the k-e hirbulence model. Considerable differences were found in fuel-vapor distribution when using different models.…”

Section: ) Preparation Of Fuels For Oxidation: Atomization and Vapormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Characterization of these fiiel and also elucidation of their oxidation, may enable LIS to develop suitable methods for €tiel preparation for the applications mentioned previously, namely, pre-vaporized burning, as well as reforming €or fiiel cell technology, using cool flames. According to Edwards [17], analysis of aviation kerosene indicates that a modeling surrogate would match real aviation fuel with more accuracy if (1) the fraction of aromatics was increased to about 18 % (v/v), (2) the aromatic was a C~O 'alkyl benzene, and (3) the non-aromatic component was an iso-paraffin and/or naphthene, as opposed to n-paraffin: Given the Heneghan and Shultz [87] used a surrogate fiiel Jet P-8s composed of a mixhire of a dozen components adding to 65 % alkanes, 20 % aromatics and 15 % naphthcnes. The oxidation of these fuels in static and flowing conditions was shidied by following the oxygen consumption, the appearance of peroxides, alcohols and ketones.…”

Section: Oxidation and Combustion Of Commercial Fuels And Biofuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outside the engine or buiner exhanst, nitric oxide (NO) formed will oxidize to nitrogen dioxide and react with unburned hydrocarbons in the presence of UV radiations to form a photochemical smog [2]. Experimental results show that NO, formation is influenced by the equivalence ratio, fiiel feed rate, the distribution of dispersion in diluted air, but the fiiel droplet diameter had the most significant effect on the change in NO, released [160].…”

Section: Impact Of No Emissions On Burner Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Oxidation of Fuels in the Cool Flame Regime for Combustion and Reforming for Fuel Cells.

Naidja

Butcher²,

Mahajan

2002

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2 3 4 The pmpose of this review was to integrate the most recent and relevcant investigations on the auto-oxidation of fuel oils and their reforming into hydrogen-rich gas that conld serve as a feed for fiiel cells and combustion systems. We consider the incorporation of partial oxidation under cool flame conditions to be a significant step in the reforming process for generation of hydrogen-rich gas. Therefore, we have paid particnlm attention to the partial oxidation of fiiels at low temperatnre in the cool flame region. This is still not a well-understood featnre in the oxidation of fiiels and can potentially serve as a precursor to low NO, emissions and low soot formation. Pretreatment, including atomization, vaporization and burner technology are also briefly reviewed. The oxidation of reference fuels (n-heptane C7H16, iso-octane CaHls and to a lesser extent cetane Cl~H34) in the intermediate and high temperahire ranges have been stndied extensively and it is examined here to show the significant progress made in modeling the kinetics and mechanisms, and in the evaluation of ignition delay times. However, due to the complex nature of real fuels such as petroleum distillates (diesel and jet fuel)

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Overview of Engine Cycle Simulations

2015

An Introduction to Thermodynamic Cycle Simulations for Internal Combustion Engines

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Modeling of nitric oxide formation in spark ignition engines with a multizone burned gas

Cited by 99 publications

References 10 publications

Passive Sampling of Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide at Toll Plazas in Malaysia

Passive Sampling of Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide at Toll Plazas in Malaysia

Oxidation of Fuels in the Cool Flame Regime for Combustion and Reforming for Fuel Cells.

Overview of Engine Cycle Simulations

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