Modeling of fiber-optic strain responses to hydraulic fracturing

Zhang, Zhishuai; Fang, Zijun; Stefani, Joe; DiSiena, James; Bevc, Dimitri; Ning, Ivan Lim Chen; Hughes, Kelly; Tan, Yunhui

doi:10.1190/geo2020-0083.1

Cited by 43 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Distributed fiber optics have also been deployed in deep boreholes, initially for monitoring of borehole casing integrity in oil and gas reservoirs (Zhou et al., 2010) but, more recently, downhole DSS has been used to monitor pumping‐induced compaction (C.‐C. Zhang et al., 2018), track the progression of hydraulic fractures in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs (Z. Zhang et al., 2020), and measure injection‐induced strains in shallow aquifers (Sun et al., 2020). While these studies convincingly demonstrated the ability of DSS to measure strains on the order of tens of microstrains ( μϵ ), borehole‐based measurements are inherently difficult to verify due to inaccessibility and the difficulty of deploying separate instruments within a single borehole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Fault Architecture on Slip Behavior in Shale Revealed by Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing

et al. 2022

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We use Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) through Brillouin scattering measurements to characterize the reactivation of a fault zone in shale (Opalinus clay), caused by the excavation of a gallery at ∼400 m depth in the Mont Terri Underground Laboratory (Switzerland). DSS fibers are cemented behind casing in six boreholes cross‐cutting the fault zone. We compare the DSS data with co‐located measurements of displacement from a chain potentiometer and a three‐dimensional displacement sensor (SIMFIP). DSS proves to be able to detect in‐ and off‐fault strain variations induced by the gallery excavated 30–50 m away. The total permanent displacement of the fault is ∼200 microns at rates up to 1.5 nm/s. DSS is sensitive to longitudinal and shear strain with measurements showing that fault shear is concentrated at the top and bottom interfaces of the fault zone with little deformation within the fault zone itself. Such a localized pattern of strain relates to the architecture of the fault that is characterized by a thick “layer” including an anastomosing network of polished surfaces where clay‐rich rock splits into progressively smaller flakes conferring the entire zone very little cohesion and friction (weak zone), and favoring slipping at the edges of the “layer”. Overall, DSS shows that slow slip may activate everywhere there is a weak fault within a shale series. Thus, our work demonstrates the importance of shear strain on faults caused by remote loading, highlighting the utility of DSS systems to detect and quantify these effects at large reservoir scales.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Fault Architecture on Slip Behavior in Shale Revealed by Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing

et al. 2022

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“…4d,e, and f). Such evidence of nonlocalized (spatially extended) plastic deformation induced by fracture propagation (stress/hydraulic) are also observed and proven in the numerical/experimental studies (Brantut et al 2011;Huang and Chen 2021;Huang and Ghassemi 2016;Liu and Brantut 2022;Parisio et al 2021;Ramos Gurjao et al 2022;Richard et al 2021;Schmidt et al 2022;Tan et al 2021;Vinci et al 2014;Wrobel et al 2022;Zhang et al 2020).…”

Section: Geometry Of Hydraulic Fracturementioning

confidence: 60%

Hydraulic fracturing: Laboratory evidence of the brittle-to-ductile transition with depth

Feng¹,

Liu²,

Sarout³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Understand the propagation of hydraulic fracture (HF) is essential for effectively stimulating the hydrocarbon production of unconventional reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing may induce distinct failure modes within the formation, depending on the rheology of the solid and the in-situ stresses. A brittle-to-ductile transition of HF is thus anticipated with increasing depth, although only scarce data are available to support this hypothesis. Here we carry out laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments in artificial geomaterials exhibiting a wide range of rheology: cubic samples 50x50x50 mm3 in size are subjected to true triaxial stresses with either a low (σv = 6.5 MPa, σH =3 MPa, and σh =1.5MPa), or a high (15 MPa, 10 MPa, and 5MPa) confinement. The 3D strains induced by hydraulic fracturing are monitored and interpreted; and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is used to document the HF geometry. Finally, a correlation between the normalized fracture area (AFN) and the brittleness index (BI) of tested samples is introduced. Our results reveal that: (i)The intermediate stress plays a profound role in hydraulic fracture propagation subjected to the designed stress regimes (i.e., the transitional intermediate strain observed from brittle to ductile samples); (ii) The transitional inclined angle (high-to-low) of HFs are observed from brittle/semi-brittle samples to semi-ductile/ductile samples; (iii) The normalized fracture area (AFN) is shown to be larger when the BI is higher; the AFN, tortuosity and roughness of the HF are shown to be larger as the increase of confinement.

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“…Maxwell explained polarisation by considering light as electromagnetic (vectorial) waves [36]. Quantum optics refers to more complex Schrodinger-equation-based models and determines the energy exchanged between matter and radiation [37,38].…”

Section: Characteristics and Principles Of Optical Fibresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Geosynthetics and Prospects for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring: A Comprehensive and Critical Review

et al. 2023

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Civil infrastructure monitoring with the aim of early damage detection and acquiring the data required for urban management not only prevents sudden infrastructure collapse and increases service life and sustainability but also facilitates the management of smart cities including smart transportation sectors. In this context, smart geosynthetics can act as vital arteries for extracting and transmitting information about the states of the strain, stress, damage, deformation, and temperature of the systems into which they are incorporated in addition to their traditional infrastructural roles. This paper reviews the wide range of technologies, manufacturing techniques and processes, materials, and methods that have been used to date to develop smart geosynthetics to provide rational arguments on the current trends and utilise the operational trends as a guide for predicting what can be focused on in future researches. The various multifunctional geosynthetic applications and future challenges, as well as operational solutions, are also discussed and propounded to pave the way for developing applicable smart geosynthetics. This critical review will provide insight into the development of new smart geosynthetics with the contribution to civil engineering and construction industries.

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Modeling of fiber-optic strain responses to hydraulic fracturing

Cited by 43 publications

References 12 publications

The Effect of Fault Architecture on Slip Behavior in Shale Revealed by Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing

The Effect of Fault Architecture on Slip Behavior in Shale Revealed by Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing

Hydraulic fracturing: Laboratory evidence of the brittle-to-ductile transition with depth

Smart Geosynthetics and Prospects for Civil Infrastructure Monitoring: A Comprehensive and Critical Review

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