Modeling of Biomechanical Data Uncertainty

A survey of human shoulder functional kinematic representations

“…Traditionally, the anatomical understanding has emerged from studies based on human cadavers, which are known as in vitro studies. However, it is well known that in vitro studies do not replicate the properties of any living shoulder [ 41 , 59 , 85 , 86 ]. Studies based on living humans are called in vivo research [ 86 ].…”

“…However, it is well known that in vitro studies do not replicate the properties of any living shoulder [ 41 , 59 , 85 , 86 ]. Studies based on living humans are called in vivo research [ 86 ]. Increased computational power has enabled numerical and simulation studies of the musculoskeletal system, which are known as in silico studies [ 86 ].…”

“…Studies based on living humans are called in vivo research [ 86 ]. Increased computational power has enabled numerical and simulation studies of the musculoskeletal system, which are known as in silico studies [ 86 ]. They play an important role in investigations that would be otherwise impossible to measure or quantify or would require an invasive approach [ 49 ].…”

“…Movement kinematics forms the cornerstone of today’s neuromuscular modelling. Therefore, kinematics will be crucial in addressing many open problems in neuromuscular modelling: development of universal biological joint, rigorous validation of developed models, and not limited to automating movement analysis [ 86 ]. From the perspective of robot-assisted rehabilitation, future cognitive models must be able to answer the “When to assist and what to assist?” question [ 21 ].…”