Modeling of a gas–liquid reactor in batch conditions. Study of the intermediate regime when part of the reaction occurs within the film and part within the bulk

Continuous adiabatic industrial benzene nitration with mixed acid at a pilot plant scale

“…To quantify the phenomena involved in these heterogeneous reactions the film model was used, despite being known as a simple representation of a complex phenomenon. Recent studies report good results with this model [4,5,[17][18][19].…”

“…Most papers in literature study well-settled regimes like slow, fast or instantaneous regimes and avoid the intermediate regime as it is difficult to work in a region where the mass transfer and the chemical reaction compete between themselves [4,5,17]. Recently, Benbelkacem and Debellefontain [18] studied the intermediate regime using a gas-liquid reaction. To quantify the phenomena involved in these heterogeneous reactions the film model was used, despite being known as a simple representation of a complex phenomenon.…”

Trends and strategies of ozone application in environmental problems

“…According to Equations 6.1 and 6.2, the efficiency of degradation via ozonation depends considerable on the ozone mass transfer rate and the O 3 -decomposition rate. The simplest and most commonly used model to treat this gas-liquid system is the film theory 85 , where it can be considered, assuming that the oxygen/ozone mixture is not very soluble in water, that no mass transfer limitation is observed within the gas phase and only the liquid phase mass transfer resistance needs to be considered. In this context, it is feasible to assume that there is a liquid film of average thickness, d L , between the liquid bulk and the gas-liquid interface.…”

“…1, an elementary bubble surface region constitutes a gas/liquid interface, which comprises the reaction zone (RZ). According to the literature 80,85 , both the RZ-thickness and the ozone concentration profile ([O 3 ] vs. distance) depend on the nature of the chemical reaction occurring at the outer surface of the gas phase.…”

Improvement of energy efficiency in the operation of a thermal reactor with submerged combustion apparatus through the cyclic input of energy

“…These include the imposition of outside oscillations on the contacting phases [6][7][8], pulsation of turbulent jets of the combustion products that enter the volume of fluid. This contributes to the instability of bubbling and dissipation of the energy of a jet.…”