Modeling Machine Emotions for Realizing Intelligence

2017

Cognitive Psychology

Huber and O'Reilly (2003) proposed that neural habituation exists to solve a temporal parsing problem, minimizing blending between one word and the next when words are visually presented in rapid succession. They developed a neural dynamics habituation model, explaining the finding that short duration primes produce positive priming whereas long duration primes produce negative repetition priming. The model contains three layers of processing, including a visual input layer, an orthographic layer, and a lexical-semantic layer. The predicted effect of prime duration depends both on this assumed representational hierarchy and the assumption that synaptic depression underlies habituation. The current study tested these assumptions by comparing different kinds of words (e.g., words versus non-words) and different kinds of word-word relations (e.g., associative versus repetition). For each experiment, the predictions of the original model were compared to an alternative model with different representational assumptions. Experiment 1 confirmed the prediction that non-words and inverted words require longer prime durations to eliminate positive repetition priming (i.e., a slower transition from positive to negative priming). Experiment 2 confirmed the prediction that associative priming increases and then decreases with increasing prime duration, but remains positive even with long duration primes. Experiment 3 replicated the effects of repetition and associative priming using a within-subjects design and combined these effects by examining target words that were expected to repeat (e.g., viewing the target word 'BACK' after the prime phrase 'back to'). These results support the originally assumed representational hierarchy and more generally the role of habituation in temporal parsing and priming.

Section: The Nrouse Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing different kinds of words and word-word relations to test an habituation model of priming

Rieth

2017

Cognitive Psychology

“…Habituation reduces source confusion from prior presentations, minimizing blending, but this produces a form of 'repetition blindness' (Kanwisher, 1987); lingering habituation makes it difficult to reactivate the same perceptual representation. The nROUSE model successfully explained many perceptual phenomena, including repetition and semantic priming of words (Huber, 2008), repetition priming of faces (Rieth & Huber, 2010), repetition priming of episodic recognition judgments (Huber, Clark, Curran, & Winkielman, 2008), semantic satiation (Tian & Huber, 2010), repetition priming of same/different judgments (Davelaar, Tian, Weidemann, & Huber, 2011), the priming of speeded affective valence responses (Irwin, Huber, & Winkielman, 2010), as well as the time course of evoked electrophysiological potentials for several of these paradigms (Huber, Tian, Curran, O'Reilly, & Woroch, 2008;Tian & Huber, 2013). Figure 1 shows the repetition priming results of Huber (2008).…”

Section: Perceptual Priming and The Nrouse Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The perceptual wink model of non-switching attentional blink tasks

Rusconi

2017

Psychon Bull Rev

The attentional blink (AB) is a temporary deficit for a second target (T2) when that target appears after a first target (T1). Although sophisticated models have been developed to explain the substantial AB literature in isolation, the current study considers how the AB relates to perceptual dynamics more broadly. We show that the time-course of the AB is closely related to the time course of the transition from positive to negative repetition priming effects in perceptual identification. Many AB tasks involve a switch between a T1 defined in one manner and a T2 defined in a different manner. Other AB tasks are non-switching, with all targets belonging to the same well-known category (e.g., letter targets versus number distractors) or sharing the same perceptual feature. We propose that these non-switching AB tasks reflect perceptual habituation for the target-defining attribute; thus, a 'perceptual wink', with perception of one attribute (target identity) undisturbed while perception of another (target detection) is impaired. On this account, the immediate benefit following T1 (lag-1 sparing) reflects positive repetition priming and the subsequent deficit (the blink) reflects negative repetition priming for the realization that a target occurred. In developing the perceptual wink model, we extended the nROUSE model of perceptual priming to explain the results of two new experiments combining the AB and identity repetitions. This establishes important connections between non-switching AB tasks and perceptual dynamics.

“…The habituation model is a general account of perceptual dynamics and beyond its application to other word identification effects (Rieth and Huber 2017;Huber et al 2008b;Potter et al 2018;Davelaar et al 2011), it has been applied to repetition effects with faces (Rieth and Huber 2010), categories Huber 2010, 2013), spatial attention (Rieth and Huber 2013), and visual scenes (Irwin et al 2010), in tasks ranging from episodic recognition (Huber et al 2008a) to the attentional blink (Rusconi and Huber 2018). However, none of the prior studies examined the relationship between neural habituation and the perceptual decision making process (novelty detection).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Habituation Enhances Novelty Detection: an EEG Study of Rapidly Presented Words

Jacob

2019

Comput Brain Behav

Huber and O'Reilly (2003) proposed that neural habituation aids perceptual processing, separating neural responses to currently viewed objects from recently viewed objects. However, synaptic depression has costs, producing repetition deficits. Prior work confirmed the transition from repetition benefits to deficits with increasing duration of a prime object, but the prediction of enhanced novelty detection was not tested. The current study examined this prediction with a same/different word priming task, using support vector machine (SVM) classification of EEG data, ERP analyses focused on the N400, and dynamic neural network simulations fit to behavioral data to provide a priori predictions of the ERP effects. Subjects made same/different judgements to a response word in relation to an immediately preceding brief target word; prime durations were short (50ms) or long (400ms), and long durations decreased P100/N170 responses to the target word, suggesting that this manipulation increased habituation. Following long duration primes, correct "different" judgments of primed response words increased, evidencing enhanced novelty detection. An SVM classifier predicted trial-bytrial behavior with 66.34% accuracy on held-out data, with greatest predictive power at a time pattern consistent with the N400. The habituation model was augmented with a maintained semantics layer (i.e., working memory) to generate behavior and N400 predictions. A second experiment used responselocked ERPs, confirming the model's assumption that residual activation in working memory is the basis of novelty decisions. These results support the theory that neural habituation enhances novelty detection, and the model assumption that the N400 reflects updating of semantic information in working memory..