Modeling immune cell behavior across scales in cancer

The combination of immune therapy with radiation offers an exciting and promising treatment modality in cancer therapy. It has been hypothesized that radiation induces damage signals within the tumor, making it more detectable for the immune system. In combination with inhibiting immune checkpoints an effective anti-tumor immune response may be established. This inversion from tumor immune evasion raises numerous questions to be solved to support an effective clinical implementation: These include the optimum immune drug and radiation dose time courses, the amount of damage and associated doses required to stimulate an immune response, and the impact of lymphocyte status and dynamics. Biophysical modeling can offer unique insights, providing quantitative information addressing these factors and highlighting mechanisms of action. In this work we review the existing modeling approaches of combined ‘radioimmune’ response, as well as associated fields of study. We propose modeling attempts that appear relevant for an effective and predictive model. We emphasize the importance of the time course of drug and dose delivery in view to the time course of the triggered biological processes. Special attention is also paid to the dose distribution to circulating blood lymphocytes and the effect this has on immune competence.

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“…Immune response modeling spans many scales, from the molecular level up to the patient level ( 40 ). Palsson et al.…”

Section: Model Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Radioimmune Response—Current Status and Perspectives

2021

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“…Simulating the highly dynamic tumor responses to radiation based on individual patient properties holds promise for innovative translational opportunities [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , 18 , [19] , [20] . Similarly, significant inroads have been made in mathematical modeling of tumor-immune interactions and immunotherapy response prediction [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , as well as understanding the local and systemic mechanistic consequences of radio-immunotherapy combinations [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor-immune ecosystem dynamics define an individual Radiation Immune Score to predict pan-cancer radiocurability

et al. 2021

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Radiotherapy efficacy is the result of radiation-mediated cytotoxicity coupled with stimulation of antitumor immune responses. We develop an in silico 3-dimensional agent-based model of diverse tumor-immune ecosystems (TIES) represented as anti- or pro-tumor immune phenotypes. We validate the model in 10,469 patients across 31 tumor types by demonstrating that clinically detected tumors have pro-tumor TIES. We then quantify the likelihood radiation induces antitumor TIES shifts toward immune-mediated tumor elimination by developing the individual Radiation Immune Score (iRIS). We show iRIS distribution across 31 tumor types is consistent with the clinical effectiveness of radiotherapy, and in combination with a molecular radiosensitivity index (RSI) combines to predict pan-cancer radiocurability. We show that iRIS correlates with local control and survival in a separate cohort of 59 lung cancer patients treated with radiation. In combination, iRIS and RSI predict radiation-induced TIES shifts in individual patients and identify candidates for radiation de-escalation and treatment escalation. This is the first clinically and biologically validated computational model to simulate and predict pan-cancer response and outcomes via the perturbation of the TIES by radiotherapy.

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“…Excitingly, mathematical models are useful for providing quantitative insight into complex biological processes, including intracellular signaling leading to immune cell activation. 37 For example, mathematical models of NK cell signaling have contributed to our understanding of NK cell activation: the identification of Vav as the signaling molecule where stimulatory and inhibitory signals integrate to determine activation; 28 the explanation of how weak-affinity stimulatory receptors can counterintuitively inhibit NK cell activation in a non-monotonic manner; 38 the revelation that NK cell signaling occurs at a faster timescale than tumor cell-killing and how modifying antibody concentrations can bridge the two processes closer in time; 39 and the elucidation of strategies that increase the likelihood of NK cell activation 19 by amplifying the amount of phosphorylated signaling intermediates. Indeed, mathematical models can be applied to address a diversity of research questions, especially in determining optimal strategies, which can save experimental researchers' time and resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An optimal control approach for enhancing natural killer cells' secretion of cytolytic molecules

Makaryan

Finley

2020

APL Bioengineering

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Natural killer (NK) cells are immune effector cells that can detect and lyse cancer cells. However, NK cell exhaustion, a phenotype characterized by reduced secretion of cytolytic models upon serial stimulation, limits the NK cell's ability to lyse cells. In this work, we investigated in silico strategies that counteract the NK cell's reduced secretion of cytolytic molecules. To accomplish this goal, we constructed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of the cytolytic molecules granzyme B (GZMB) and perforin-1 (PRF1) and calibrated the model predictions to published experimental data using a Bayesian parameter estimation approach. We applied an information-theoretic approach to perform a global sensitivity analysis, from which we found that the suppression of phosphatase activity maximizes the secretion of GZMB and PRF1. However, simply reducing the phosphatase activity is shown to deplete the cell's intracellular pools of GZMB and PRF1. Thus, we added a synthetic Notch (synNotch) signaling circuit to our baseline model as a method for controlling the secretion of GZMB and PRF1 by inhibiting phosphatase activity and increasing production of GZMB and PRF1. We found that the optimal synNotch system depends on the frequency of NK cell stimulation. For only a few rounds of stimulation, the model predicts that inhibition of phosphatase activity leads to more secreted GZMB and PRF1; however, for many rounds of stimulation, the model reveals that increasing production of the cytolytic molecules is the optimal strategy. In total, we developed a mathematical framework that provides actionable insight into engineering robust NK cells for clinical applications.

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Modeling immune cell behavior across scales in cancer

Cited by 32 publications

References 73 publications

Modeling Radioimmune Response—Current Status and Perspectives

Modeling Radioimmune Response—Current Status and Perspectives

Tumor-immune ecosystem dynamics define an individual Radiation Immune Score to predict pan-cancer radiocurability

An optimal control approach for enhancing natural killer cells' secretion of cytolytic molecules

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