“…Some works have proposed analytical E2E delay models for virtualized wireless networks and network slices [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Although there are also works providing performance models for a specific network domain (e.g., RAN, TN, and CN) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] or component (e.g., gNB and UPF) [ 32 , 33 ], here we will only review E2E delay models, i.e., those considering every network domain.…”