Modeling fate and transport of arsenic in a chlorinated distribution system

Burkhardt, Jonathan B.; Szabo, Jeff; Klosterman, Stephen; Hall, John S.; Murray, Regan

doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.03.016

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Study [35] addresses uncontrolled microbial contamination caused by sewage intrusion and how chlorine is consumed as a result. Study [36] states that arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring toxic substance from pipe materials that is highly soluble and often found in water sources, while study [37] considers it the biggest mass poisoning case in the world. However, the authors in [38] show that maintaining residual chlorine is recognized as an effective strategy to control levels of soluble arsenic.…”

Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control-Theoretic Modeling of Multi-Species Water Quality Dynamics in Drinking Water Networks: Survey, Methods, and Test Cases

Elsherif,

Wang,

Taha

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Chlorine is a widely used disinfectant and proxy for water quality (WQ) monitoring in water distribution networks (WDN). Chlorine-based WQ regulation and control aims to maintain pathogen-free water. Chlorine residual evolution within WDN is commonly modeled using the typical single-species decay and reaction dynamics that account for network-wide, spatiotemporal chlorine concentrations only. Prior studies have proposed more advanced and accurate descriptions via multi-species dynamics. This paper presents a host of novel state-space, control-theoretic representations of multi-species water quality dynamics. These representations describe decay, reaction, and transport of chlorine and a fictitious reactive substance to reflect realistic complex scenarios in WDN. Such dynamics are simulated over space-and time-discretized grids of the transport partial differential equation and the nonlinear reaction ordinary differential equation. To that end, this paper (i) provides a full description on how to formulate a high fidelity model-driven state-space representation of the multi-species water quality dynamics and (ii) investigates the applicability and performance of different Eulerian-based schemes (Lax-Wendroff, backward Euler, and Crank-Nicolson) and Lagrangian-based schemes (method of characteristics) in contrast with EPANET and its EPANET-MSX extension. Numerical case studies reveal that the Lax-Wendroff scheme and method of characteristics outperform other schemes with reliable results under reasonable assumptions and limitations.

show abstract

Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control-Theoretic Modeling of Multi-Species Water Quality Dynamics in Drinking Water Networks: Survey, Methods, and Test Cases

Elsherif,

Wang,

Taha

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12 In recent years, EPANET has become one of the most widely used software programs for the simulation of water supply networks. 13,14 Burkhardt et al 15 used EPANET-MSX (Multi-Species eXtension) to simulate the fate and transport properties of arsenic in a 78,000-customer water supply network. The EPANET and LINGO software were used for determining the optimal reservoir height and pipe diameter in a Nigerian case study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In‐situ leakage diagnosis of urban water supply network by fire hydrants and EPANET simulation

Chen

2023

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method of in‐situ leakage diagnosis of a water supply network using fire hydrant water flow measurements and simulation by EPANET software was established. A network with 1032 m of water distribution pipes and 350 user‐side water meters in Taipei was separated into five zones. The lowest volume of daily water flow occurred between 1:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., with values ranging from 0.004 to 0.785 m3/min; these data can be regarded as a minimum value of water leakage in the network at midnight. The volume of water leakage was strongly correlated with observed pressure transients, enabling the measurement of the water leakage in the network, which ranged from 5.76 to 628 m3/d. The total water leakage simulated by EPANET was 1.48 m3/d in the network. Although this value deviated by 23% from the District Metered Area (DMA) results, both EPANET and DMA tools confirmed that zones 4 and 5 had severe water leakage problems. Simplifying valves and combining neighboring pipes of the same diameter during the EPANET simulation was efficiently tackle water leakage. EPANET allows for quick diagnosis of the water leakage areas, whereas the DMA tool allows for precise measurements of water volume and pressure. The costs of in‐situ diagnosis and EPANET simulation include instruments, labor, and time, and are estimated to be lower than those of the DMA tool. Furthermore, the methodology of this study can reduce the risks of underground working disasters.

show abstract

“…One method for handling this variability and uncertainty is the use of hydraulic and water-quality modeling to estimate the dynamics of water-quality species and concentrations across different municipal WDSs. The USEPA's EPANET, EPA-NET toolkit, and Multispecies Toolkit (MSX) have been used to model the fate and transport of a number of water-quality species, including arsenic (Burkhardt et al 2017), chloramines (Ricca et al 2019), and microorganisms (Propato and Uber 2004;Teunis et al 2010;Yang et al 2011). Understanding how health risks may vary from one network to another and elucidating the drivers of these risk differences, such as network configuration and tank dynamics, can inform future network design and placement of microbial risk reduction interventions, such as chlorine boosters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Vulnerable Nodes, Impactful Viral Intrusion Sites, and Viral Infection Risk Reductions Offered by Chlorine Boosters in Municipal Drinking Water Networks

Lee

Wilson

Cooksey

et al. 2022

J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of drinking water system infrastructure on water quality and health following intrusion events have not been extensively studied. This study proposes a coupling of hydraulic and water-quality modeling with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to characterize microbial infection risks. Two networks were considered based on their network configuration. We assumed a continuous intrusion of enterovirus under three scenarios. The location of vulnerable and influential nodes in a looped and a branched network were compared, followed by a comparison of chlorine booster placement to reduce infection risks. The most vulnerable nodes in the branched network were generally downstream of the intrusion site, whereas those for the looped network were in the middle of the network due to tank dynamics. Influential injection nodes for the looped network were also in the middle of the network but mostly located at the upstream nodes for the branched network. A single chlorine booster yielded a risk reduction (47.6%) for the branched network, greater than for the looped network (nearly none). Two chlorine boosters reduced the looped network risks more notably (63%). The generalizability of these results to other networks likely depends upon specific network hydraulics and variability in municipal drinking water use. This work will help public water system managers in identifying vulnerable points in their distribution system and optimal locations for risk reduction strategy implementation.

show abstract

Modeling fate and transport of arsenic in a chlorinated distribution system

Cited by 17 publications

References 59 publications

Control-Theoretic Modeling of Multi-Species Water Quality Dynamics in Drinking Water Networks: Survey, Methods, and Test Cases

Control-Theoretic Modeling of Multi-Species Water Quality Dynamics in Drinking Water Networks: Survey, Methods, and Test Cases

In‐situ leakage diagnosis of urban water supply network by fire hydrants and EPANET simulation

Exploring Vulnerable Nodes, Impactful Viral Intrusion Sites, and Viral Infection Risk Reductions Offered by Chlorine Boosters in Municipal Drinking Water Networks

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About