Modeling disease transmission in a train carriage using a simple
            <scp>1D</scp>
            ‐model

Kreij, Rick J. B. de; Wykes, Megan S. Davies; Woodward, Huw; Linden, P. F.

doi:10.1111/ina.13066

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Normalised mean steady‐state concentrations of

{PM}_{2.5}

aerosol particles measured within carriage for a release at (A) the end and (B) the middle of the saloon. The full blue line shows the concentrations predicted by the 1D advection–diffusion model described in de Kreij et al 20 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dotted line indicates the location of the nebuliser release. The full line shows the distribution as predicted by the 1D advection–diffusion model described in de Kreij et al, 20 which assumes a well‐mixed cross section.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A zonal approach such as that used in Noakes & Sleigh 32 and Matheis et al 11 for a hospital may provide improved estimates. Alternatively, the one‐dimensional advection–diffusion model described in de Kreij et al 20 and applied to the same inter‐city carriage is able to fully resolve the longitudinal variation in risk within the carriage for different occupancies and passenger locations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A well‐mixed model, outlined by de Kreij et al 20 and applied previously to other scenarios, for example classrooms, 21,22 is used to estimate the CO 2 concentrations within the saloon. The model equation is given as follows

C ()(, t) goodbreak= C_{ex} goodbreak+ \frac{G}{Q} goodbreak+ ()(, C_{in} goodbreak- C_{ex} goodbreak- \frac{G}{Q}) e^{(- \frac{Q}{V} t)}

where

C ()(, t)

is the concentration of CO 2 in the saloon at time

t

C_{ex}

is the external CO 2 concentration, assumed to be 400 ppm, and

C_{in}

is the initial concentration, taken as the mean measured value at the beginning of each journey.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We therefore expect that the deposition loss rate was small relative to the ventilation rate. , 20 which assumes a well-mixed cross section.…”

Section: Comparison Of Size Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An evaluation of the risk of airborne transmission of COVID ‐19 on an inter‐city train carriage

et al. 2022

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Experiments were conducted in an UK inter‐city train carriage with the aim of evaluating the risk of infection to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus via airborne transmission. The experiments included in‐service CO2 measurements and the measurement of salt aerosol concentrations released within the carriage. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of the carriage airflow were also used to visualise the airflow patterns, and the efficacy of the HVAC filter material was tested in a laboratory. Assuming an infectious person is present, the risk of infection for a 1‐h train journey was estimated to be 6 times lower than for a full day in a well‐ventilated office, or 10–12 times lower than a full day in a poorly ventilated office. While the absolute risk for a typical journey is likely low, in the case where a particularly infectious individual is on‐board, there is the potential for a number of secondary infections to occur during a 1‐h journey. Every effort should therefore be made to minimize the risk of airborne infection within these carriages. Recommendations are also given for the use of CO2 sensors for the evaluation of the risk of airborne transmission on train carriages.

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“…Normalised mean steady‐state concentrations of