“…In spite of these simplifying assumptions, the LV model has proven to be a very valuable tool for gaining insights into the dynamics of numerous diverse biological interaction systems, for instance, among different mammalian or fish species (Wangersky, 1978), bacterial lake communities (Dam et al, 2016), and freshwater ciliates (Muhlbauer et al, 2020), to name just a few. Furthermore, recognizing the critical importance of microbiomes in recent years, LV systems have become an effective tool of analysis and, indeed, the default for quantitatively assessing interactions within these large microbial communities (Mounier et al, 2007;Buffie et al, 2015;Dakos et al, 2020;Dimas Martins and Gjini, 2020). LV models have moreover been proposed in non-ecological contexts, such as physics (Nambu, 1986;Hacinliyan et al, 2010), economics (Chiang, 2012), and to address pollution issues (Haas, 1981;Zhou and Chen, 2006).…”