Modeling Annual Benzene, Toluene, NO2, and Soot Concentrations on the Basis of Road Traffic Characteristics

Carr, David; Ehrenstein, Ondine von; Weiland, Stephan K.; Wagner, Claudia; Wellie, Oliver; Nicolaï, Thomas; Mutius, Erika von

doi:10.1006/enrs.2002.4393

Cited by 68 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This resulted in counts being available for 1,840 street segments (of a total of 19,000). In addition, measurements of yearly average concentrations of trafficassociated pollutants (benzene, soot and NO 2 ) at 18 heavy traffic sites in the city, and from 16 low-to-medium traffic sites were performed [23]. Traffic counts were measured in 1995; air pollution data from December 1996-February 1998.…”

Section: Traffic Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The details of this modelling approach are described in another paper [23]. In short, a model using car-traffic counts and a weighting function, to account for the distance between measurement point and street, together with street characteristics (mainly per cent of time with stop-and-go conditions in the segment), was used to derive pollutant estimates.…”

Section: Traffic Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children

et al. 2003

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Conflicting results have been reported for the relationship between traffic exposure and inception of atopy. The effect of traffic on the prevalence of asthma and atopy at school age was investigated in a representative population.Random samples of schoolchildren (n=7,509, response rate 83.7%) were studied using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood phase-II protocol with skin-prick tests, measurements of specific immunoglobulin E and lung function. Traffic exposure was assessed via traffic counts and by an emission model which predicted soot, benzene and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ).Traffic counts were associated with current asthma, wheeze and cough. In children with tobacco-smoke exposure, traffic volume was additionally associated with a positive skin-prick test. Cough was associated with soot, benzene and NO 2 , current asthma with soot and benzene, and current wheeze with benzene and NO 2 . No pollutant was associated with allergic sensitisation.High vehicle traffic was associated with asthma, cough and wheeze, and in children additionally exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, with allergic sensitisation. However, effects of socioeconomic factors associated with living close to busy roads cannot be ruled out. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 956-963.

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Section: Traffic Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Traffic Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children

et al. 2003

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“…A disadvantage of these exposure indicators is that they describe the pollutant emissions without taking dispersion conditions into account. A potential solution to obtain reliable estimates of urban air pollution exposure is the use of regression [18,19] or dispersion models [20,21]. However, to date, these models have rarely been implemented in population-based studies [8-10, 13, 22].…”

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confidence: 99%

Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children

Pénard-Morand¹,

Rahérison²,

Charpin³

et al. 2010

European Respiratory Journal

269

174

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of urban air pollution, assessed through reliable indicators of exposure, on asthma and allergies in schoolchildren.A validated dispersion model combining data on traffic conditions, topography, meteorology and background pollution was used to relate 3-yrs averaged concentrations of major urban pollutants at the sites of schools to skin prick tests, exercise-induced asthma and reported asthma and allergies in 6,683 children (9-11 yrs) attending 108 schools randomly selected in six French communities.For the 4,907 children who had resided at their current address for the past 3 yrs, asthma (exercise induced, past year and lifetime) was significantly positively associated with benzene, SO 2 , particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 mm (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and CO. In the same children, eczema (lifetime and past year) was significantly positively associated with benzene, PM10, NO 2 , NO x and CO, lifetime allergic rhinitis with PM10 and sensitisation to pollens with benzene and PM10. Among the 2,213 children residing at their current address since birth, the associations persisted for lifetime asthma with benzene (adjusted OR per interquartile range (95% CI) 1.3 (1.0-1.9)) and PM10 (1.4 (1.0-2.0)), and for sensitisation to pollens with volatile organic compounds (1.3 (1.0-1.9)) and PM10 (1.2 (1.0-1.9)).Accurately modelled urban air pollution was associated with some measures of childhood asthma and allergies.

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“…Even though traffic emissions affect the urban background concentrations of air pollution, this result indicates that exposure to traffic-related air pollution is more related to adverse health effects than other sources of air pollution. However, it is not easy to separate out pollutants responsible for health effects, because traffic emissions contain many pollutants, including volatile hydrocarbons, ultra-fine particles, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide (Rijnders et al 2001;Carr et al 2002;Zhu et al 2002). Therefore, even though the approach described here focused on exposure to NO 2 , it is reasonable to consider a pollution mix, for example, a combination of PM10, ozone (O 3 ) and NO 2 , as being responsible for pulmonary functional loss, based on our knowledge of the effects of air pollution on respiratory mortality and the closeness of relationships among the pollutants (Hong et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to air pollution and pulmonary function in university students

Hong

Leem

Lee

et al. 2005

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Objectives: Exposure to air pollution has been reported to be associated with increase in pulmonary disease. The aims of the present study were to examine the use of personal nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) samplers as a means of measuring exposure to air pollution and to investigate the relationship between personal exposure to air pollution and pulmonary function. Methods: We measured individual exposures to NO 2 using passive personal NO 2 samplers for 298 healthy university students. Questionnaire interview was conducted for trafficrelated factors, and spirometry was performed when the samplers were returned after 1 day. Results: Personal NO 2 concentrations varied, depending on the distance between residence and a main road (P=0.029). Students who used transportation for more than 1 h were exposed to higher levels of NO 2 than those using transportation for less than 1 h (P=0.032). In terms of transportation, riding in a bus or subway caused significantly higher exposure than not using them (P=0.046). NO 2 exposure was not significantly associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) but was associated with the ratio of FEV 1 /FVC and mid-expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the forced vital capacity ) (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study indicates that concentrations of personal exposure to NO 2 are significantly influenced by trafficrelated air pollution and are associated with decreased pulmonary function.

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Modeling Annual Benzene, Toluene, NO2, and Soot Concentrations on the Basis of Road Traffic Characteristics

Cited by 68 publications

References 3 publications

Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children

Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children

Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children

Exposure to air pollution and pulmonary function in university students

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