Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns

Runions, Adam; Fuhrer, Martin; Lane, Brendan; Federl, Pavol; Rolland‐Lagan, Anne‐Gaëlle; Prusinkiewicz, Przemysław

doi:10.1145/1073204.1073251

Cited by 243 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This hypothesis was originally used in ref. 12 for designing a computational model of leaf venation formation and was used recently to model various types of leaf venation patterns (26). The phyllotaxis model developed by Jönsson et al (14) is based on a similar hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer simulations reveal properties of the cell-cell signaling network at the shoot apex in Arabidopsis

Reuille¹,

Bohn-Courseau²,

Ljung³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

324

289

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The active transport of the plant hormone auxin plays a major role in the initiation of organs at the shoot apex. Polar localized membrane proteins of the PIN1 family facilitate this transport, and recent observations suggest that auxin maxima created by these proteins are at the basis of organ initiation. This hypothesis is based on the visual, qualitative characterization of the complex distribution patterns of the PIN1 protein in Arabidopsis. To take these analyses further, we investigated the properties of the patterns using computational modeling. The simulations reveal previously undescribed properties of PIN1 distribution. In particular, they suggest an important role for the meristem summit in the distribution of auxin. We confirm these predictions by further experimentation and propose a detailed model for the dynamics of auxin fluxes at the shoot apex.auxin ͉ modeling ͉ shoot meristem T here is strong evidence that active auxin transport, generated by influx and efflux carriers, creates patterns of auxin distribution at the shoot apex. This distribution is, in turn, interpreted in terms of differential growth and cell differentiation (1-3). In Arabidopsis, AUX1, a putative influx transporter (4), is mainly located in the surface layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (2) (Fig. 1A). Interestingly, the protein seems to be homogeneously distributed in plasma membranes of the individual cells. Therefore, it has been proposed that AUX1 helps to restrict auxin to these layers, although additional mechanisms may be required (5). The efflux facilitator PIN1 also is localized in the surface layers of the meristem, but in contrast to AUX1 it is often localized on certain anticlinal sides of the cells only. Because neighboring cells often show coherent PIN1 positioning, it was proposed that PIN1 is responsible for directed hormone flows within the meristem L1 layer (Fig. 1 A). In particular, careful immunological studies have revealed that the membranes carrying PIN1 are preferentially oriented toward the incipient primordia, suggesting auxin transport toward the young organs (2, 3).Together, the observations so far suggest a dynamic scenario where auxin is transported to the meristem from basally localized tissues via the L1 layer. At the meristem surface, auxin is redistributed and accumulates at particular sites where it will induce the initiation of new organs. This accumulation subsequently leads to the activation of transport in the provascular tissues causing an inward directed flow (Fig. 1B). The young organ is thus transformed into an auxin sink, which depletes its surroundings from auxin and prevents the formation of new primordia in its vicinity.Although this scenario is relatively straightforward, the previous observations leave a number of questions open. First, it is not clear at all why auxin should start to accumulate at the site where a primordium will be initiated. Second, the immunolabelings reveal a very complex distribution of PIN1 proteins (Fig. 2). As a result, the interpretation of these...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer simulations reveal properties of the cell-cell signaling network at the shoot apex in Arabidopsis

Reuille¹,

Bohn-Courseau²,

Ljung³

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

324

289

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The ancestral flowering plants most likely had pinnate venation, and evolutionary shifts to palmate venation, and reversals, appear in numerous families (e.g., 10, 60-64), with additional transitions obscured by extinctions (56,65). Theoretically, the shifts may arise due to mutation of one or a few genes that alter the sequence or timing of leaf form development (10,66,67). However, within lineages, venation type tends to be phylogenetically conserved (e.g., 10, 61-64), suggesting that transitions are rare relative to speciation and extinction events (68).…”

Section: Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf palmate venation and vascular redundancy confer tolerance of hydraulic disruption

Sack¹,

Dietrich²,

Streeter³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

151

133

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Leaf venation is a showcase of plant diversity, ranging from the grid-like network in grasses, to a wide variety of dendritic systems in other angiosperms. A principal function of the venation is to deliver water; however, a hydraulic significance has never been demonstrated for contrasting major venation architectures, including the most basic dichotomy, ''pinnate'' and ''palmate'' systems. We hypothesized that vascular redundancy confers tolerance of vein breakage such as would occur during mechanical or insect damage. We subjected leaves of woody angiosperms of contrasting venation architecture to severing treatments in vivo, and, after wounds healed, made detailed measurements of physiological performance relative to control leaves. When the midrib was severed near the leaf base, the pinnately veined leaves declined strongly in leaf hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rate, whereas palmately veined leaves were minimally affected. Across all of the species examined, a higher density of primary veins predicted tolerance of midrib damage. This benefit for palmate venation is consistent with its repeated evolution and its biogeographic and habitat distribution. All leaves tested showed complete tolerance of damage to second-and higherorder veins, demonstrating that the parallel flow paths provided by the redundant, reticulate minor vein network protect the leaf from the impact of hydraulic disruption. These findings point to a hydraulic explanation for the diversification of low-order vein architecture and the commonness of reticulate, hierarchical leaf venation. These structures suggest roles for both economic constraints and risk tolerance in shaping leaf morphology during 130 million years of flowering plant evolution.herbivory ͉ evolution ͉ physiology ͉ plant traits ͉ hydraulic architecture

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“…Natural objects like trees or natural landscapes are also too complex to construct by interactive modeling. Runions et al [26] present several biological algorithms for generating leaves and their internal veins. In [27], the authors extend their method to 3D for tree modeling.…”

Section: Previous Work 21 Procedural Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling fruits and their internal structure using parametric 3Gmap L-systems

2015

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Modeling a fruit using classic 3D modeling software can be a relatively complicated task. Moreover, modeling every single fruit when we need to generate a large variety of fruits of the same species is not a viable option because it is time consuming. This paper presents an original ad hoc method for modeling a wide range of 3D fruits, using a single formal grammar. Fruits are modeled by parametric 3Gmap L-systems that describe their shape and internal structure, thanks to variables and mathematical functions. At the end of our work, our method will eventually be an interesting solution to realistic modeling of fruits and their interior, and to automatic detection and recognition of real fruits.

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Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns

Cited by 243 publications

References 41 publications

Computer simulations reveal properties of the cell-cell signaling network at the shoot apex in Arabidopsis

Computer simulations reveal properties of the cell-cell signaling network at the shoot apex in Arabidopsis

Leaf palmate venation and vascular redundancy confer tolerance of hydraulic disruption

Modeling fruits and their internal structure using parametric 3Gmap L-systems

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