“…Bind and elute chromatography, the work horse in biopharmaceutical manufacturing for capture, purification, and polishing, suffers from low dynamic binding capacities ( Ladd Effio and Hubbuch, 2015 ), diffusion limitations ( Kramberger et al, 2015 ), and often too small pore sizes ( Kattur Venkatachalam et al, 2014 ) for the purification of VLPs. Size differences between VLPs and the bulk of host cell contaminants can be exploited by size-sensitive techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) – especially for analytical purposes ( Ladd Effio et al, 2016 ) – precipitation, filtration, and ultracentrifugation ( Ladd Effio and Hubbuch, 2015 ). While ultracentrifugation is applied to lab-scale processes ( Jiang et al, 1992 ; Mason et al, 1996 ; Ausar et al, 2006 ), scalability and variability issues, among others, hamper its application to industrial-scale processes ( Koho et al, 2012 ; Kleiner et al, 2015 ).…”