Modeling and On-Road Testing of an Electric Two-Wheeler towards Range Prediction and BMS Integration

Abstract

The automotive sector is currently shifting its focus from traditional fossil fuels to electrification. The deployment of a Battery Management System (BMS) unit is the key point to oversee the battery state of the electric vehicle (EV) to ensure safety and performances. The development and assessment of electric vehicle models in turn lays the groundwork of the BMS design as it provides a quick and cheap solution to test battery optimal control logics in a Software-in-the-Loop environment. Despite the various contribution to the literature in battery and vehicle modeling, electric scooters are mostly disregarded together with a reliable estimation of their performance and electric range. The present paper hence aims at filling the gap of knowledge through the development of a numerical model for considering a two-wheeler. The latter model relies on the conservation energy based-longitudinal dynamic approach and is coupled to a Li-Ion Battery second-order RC equivalent circuit model for the electric range prediction. More specifically, the presented work assesses the performance and electric range of a two-wheeler pure electric scooter in a real-world driving cycle. The e-powertrain system embeds an Electrical Energy Storage System (EESS) Li-Ion Battery pack. On-road tests were initially conducted to retrieve the main model parameters and to perform its validation. A global battery-to-wheels efficiency was also calibrated to account for the percentual amount of available net power for the vehicle onset. The model proved to properly match the experimental data in terms of total distance traveled over a validation driving mission.

Stable and Accurate Estimation of SOC Using eXogenous Kalman Filter for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Moreover, equivalent circuit models can also be employed to simulate the characteristics of lithium-ion batteries for power supply system in electric vehicles. Generally, the second-order RC equivalent circuit model is a commonly used equivalent circuit model for serving as a baseline to predict SOC of lithium-ion batteries [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

“…Guo et al developed a combination of the second-order RC equivalent circuit and parameters and the parameter estimator using the least squares method with a forgetting factor and the adaptive UKF algorithm to jointly estimate SOC [ 35 ]. Falai et al applied the second-order RC equivalent circuit model to predict the SOC of on-road lithium-ion battery tests and further validated the global battery-to-wheels efficiency [ 36 ].…”

Charging Stations and Electromobility Development: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis

“…The charging stations are gathered in off-grid or on-grid networks [20,21] that require continuous data analysis [22,23] in electricity distribution or sale processes [24,25]. It should also be considered that electric vehicles vary in terms of software [26,27], technical specifications [28,29], performance [30,31], and even charging methods [16,32]. EVs can communicate between each other and also charging stations, and create the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) [33,34].…”