Modeling and mapping of climatic classification of Pakistan by using remote sensing climate compound index (2000 to 2018)

Abstract

The entire world is collectively facing the problem of climate change. The deterioration of the earth's climate change is being noticed and felt most apparently in Southeast Asia and predominantly in Pakistan. Pakistan is a victim of climate change, due to which Pakistan faces several geographical, political, economic and even social problems. The harmful impacts of climate change in the form of smog and abnormal heat waves have claimed the life of many Pakistanis. Climate change has brought disastrous impact on the agrarian economy of Pakistan, which has plunged the country into awful straits. Climatic change is a slow and continuous process. It is needed that climatic changes in an area should be traced out in time to face upcoming climatic challenges. Present research work has traced out such changes and introduced a new climatic classification scheme for the climate of Pakistan, by using remote sensing (RS) and a new climatic compound index that is RSCCI gives a calculated value, which is used to describe the state and the changes in the climatic system of an area. RSCCI is the combination of different indices. On the basis of RSCCI, a climatic index, spatiotemporal investigation is conducted to measure aridity, humidity and semi-aridity all over Pakistan. In order to find out the extent of these climatic conditions, three MODIS dataset images of 250 m resolution were acquired. RS applications are used effectively to assess the changing climatic trends for the period of eighteen years in Pakistan from 2000 to 2018. On the basis of the above-mentioned results, a new climatic classification has been introduced with five major classes, i.e., drought, aridity, humidity, wetlands and cold drought. The area of five classes has been calculated by using RS tools and RSCCI for the years of 2000 and 2018. New climatic classification of Pakistan divides Pakistan into five regions which is based on RSCCI. There is an increase in arid region of 1.84% in Pakistan from RSCCI 2000 to RCSSI 2018. Similarly, there is also increase in an area of wetlands and humid regions of Pakistan, i.e., 1.9% and 9.72%, respectively, from RSCCI 2000 to RCSSI 2018. On the other hand, there is 0.78% reduction of area of cold drought region, 8.49% reduction in moderate drought and 4.19% reduction in an area of intense drought classes from RSCCI 2000 to RCSSI 2018, which is a positive change. The results show dramatic changes which advocate the need of a new climatic classification for Pakistan. This new climate classification of Pakistan is based on 18 years of data only. Dramatic climatic changes could be imagined and predicted within next 30 years in Pakistan.

Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Theileria annulata in cattle from central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

“…Pakistan is predominantly an agricultural country and divided into five agro-ecological zones based on remote sensing climate compound index-based climatic/aridity data analysis (Drought/hyper-arid, Arid, Humid, Wetland, and Cold drought) [ 30 , 31 ]. The sampling site (Charsadda 34.1495°N, 71.7428°E; Mardan 34.2062°N, 72.0298°E; and Peshawar 34.0000°N, 71.7500°E located centrally in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan) has a transitional climatic profile i.e.…”

“…The sampling site (Charsadda 34.1495°N, 71.7428°E; Mardan 34.2062°N, 72.0298°E; and Peshawar 34.0000°N, 71.7500°E located centrally in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan) has a transitional climatic profile i.e. a patchy pattern of semi-arid and humid agro-ecological zones with variable climatic features in certain parts of the study area due to extensive irrigation system [ 30 ] and hence, in turn, affect the distribution of tick and TBDs [ 7 ].…”

Evaluation of Climate of Selected Sixty-six Countries using Grey Relational Analysis: Focus on Pakistan

“…Their study further highlighted that demographic and socioeconomic factors (education level, land ownership status, farm household age, access to data sources and farming experience) impact on households" awareness level. Javid et al (2019) bi-furcated Pakistan into five classes (humidity, drought, cold drought, aridity and wetlands) on the basis of remote sensing and a new climatic compound index to measure humidity, aridity and semi-aridity. Khan et al (2016) analyzed the current and future potential effect of climate change in Pakistan and stressed on national plans and policies to examine the degree to which climate related problems have been incorporated into them.…”

Index-based Approach in Relation to Built-up and LST Dynamics; A Study of Lahore, Pakistan

“…1). Spatially, Lahore is located between 31.5204° N, 74.3587° E. Climatically, Lahore falls under semi-arid zone (Köppen atmosphere grouping BSh) (Composite rainstorm atmosphere) (Javid et al, 2019) by having significant five seasons: foggy winter (15 Nov -15 Feb) with scarcely any western unsettling influences causing precipitation; lovely spring (16 Feb -15 April); summer (15 April -June) with dust, downpour tempests and warmth wave periods; stormy rainstorm (July -16 September); and dry fall (16 September -14 November).…”