Modeling above-ground carbon storage: a remote sensing approach to derive individual tree species information in urban settings

Deposition and Resuspension Mechanisms Into and From Tree Canopies: A Study Modeling Particle Removal of Conifers and Broadleaves in Different Cities

“…However, LAI in urban areas has been determined as considerably lower than in closed woodlands (Klingberg et al, 2017) with air pollution being a possible reason (Gratani and Varone, 2007). In fact, values for deciduous trees are commonly reported to be around 3 (Gratani and Varone, 2007;Öztürk (Grote et al, 2016) as well as in the forests around Berlin (Tigges et al, 2017) are also assumed to have a leaf area around 3 (Bréda, 2003). The same holds for evergreen oaks, which are representative for Mediterranean broadleaf evergreen trees (Escudero and Mediavilla, 2003).…”

Developing General Equations for Urban Tree Biomass Estimation with High-Resolution Satellite Imagery

“…could be substantial [50][51][52], ranging from −97% to 205% depending on the individual species and the sizes of the trees [43]. Biomass estimates could even vary from 27% less to 29% more when applying the allometric equation developed for an individual urban species in California to the same species in Colorado because of considerable differences in site conditions [43].Considering the time and monetary cost of developing site-and species-specific allometric equations, it has been suggested to use general equations that are applicable to all species in a broad taxonomic grouping instead [43,53,54]. Such equations have been developed for 35 natural forest-grown genera on a national scale [39,40].…”

“…Remote sensing obtains information about the Earth's environment from a distance without the need for extensive field surveys over large areas. It has been used in several different ways as a non-destructive and cost-effective method for biomass estimation with varying degrees of success.Generated with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology, point cloud data have been regularly used to measure urban tree biomass directly [58,[60][61][62] or extract basic silvicultural variables such as tree height and crown diameter, which are then applied to derive DBH for use in allometric equations [54,58,[62][63][64]. The relationships of tree height and crown diameter to DBH, however, have not been well analyzed for urban species [49,63] and biomass estimation could easily be affected by data quality [56].LiDAR data-derived structural characteristics have also been integrated with canopy photochemical properties retrieved from hyperspectral imagery to improve urban tree species identification [65], which would be helpful in selecting appropriate allometric equations for specific species [66].…”

“…Considering the time and monetary cost of developing site-and species-specific allometric equations, it has been suggested to use general equations that are applicable to all species in a broad taxonomic grouping instead [43,53,54]. Such equations have been developed for 35 natural forest-grown genera on a national scale [39,40].…”

“…Generated with Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology, point cloud data have been regularly used to measure urban tree biomass directly [58,[60][61][62] or extract basic silvicultural variables such as tree height and crown diameter, which are then applied to derive DBH for use in allometric equations [54,58,[62][63][64]. The relationships of tree height and crown diameter to DBH, however, have not been well analyzed for urban species [49,63] and biomass estimation could easily be affected by data quality [56].…”