“…In the last decade, enhancing students' problem-solving skills has been extensively discussed and investigated. In general, the research on this topic has been conducted on the primary (Yanjie Song 2018; Gu et al 2015), secondary (De Almeida, Salvador, and Costa 2014;Vázquez-Bernal and Jiménez-Pérez 2023;Lee and Byun 2022), and higher education levels (Ceberio, Almudí, and Franco 2016;Yuliati, Riantoni, and Mufti 2018;Youngwook Song 2018;Park 2022;Kuk and Ryu 2022;Liu, Gu, and Xu 2023;Maries 2023). In specific, the available studies have examined the computer-based problem-solving (Pol et al, 2008), integration between learning and representation strategy (De Cock, 2012), strategy and assessment (Docktor et al 2016;Yuliati, Riantoni, and Mufti 2018;Shanta and Wells 2022), Arnold and Fermi Dirac-based problem-solving competency (Niss, 2018), students' feedback and change of answers (Wancham & Tangdhanakanond, 2022), theoretical model in constructing students' difficulty based on the teaching practices (Vázquez-Bernal & Jiménez-Pérez, 2023), and design of thinking model (Liu et al, 2023).…”