“…However, in order to meet such market demands, it is necessary to remove impurities, pigments and unpleasant odors [6] through a process known as vegetable oil 2 of 13 refining, which consists of four steps: degumming, neutralizing, bleaching and deodorization. In the initial two steps, some emulsifying substances such as lecithin, free fatty acids, glycerol, carbohydrates, resins and metals are removed [7]. Bleaching is one of the most important steps of refining, during which pigments (chlorophyll and its derivatives, carotenes, tocopherols), saponifiable materials, phosphatides, phospholipids, peroxides, metals, water and so on are eliminated [8][9][10].…”