The paper addresses the significance of soil-structure interaction on the dynamic behaviour of the "Chiaravalle viaduct", based on ambient vibration measurements and numerical simulations. The viaduct is located in Central Italy and is founded on piles in an eluvial-colluvial soil deposit. Experimental modal properties are evaluated by means of the operational modal analysis on accelerometric data from ambient excitation and the role of soil-structure interaction in the interpretation of tests is investigated by means of a refined finite element model of the viaduct. In the soil-structure interaction models the local site condition in correspondence of each bridge piers (resulting from geotechnical and geophysical investigations) are considered in the definition of the soil-foundations compliance. Comparison between the experimental and numerical results highlight the role of the pile-soil-pile interaction, the radiation problem, the pile cap embedment and the variability of the soil stratigraphy along the longitudinal direction of the viaduct in the interpretation of the experimental data.