“…This technology uses a heat pump and a closed-loop heat exchanger buried underground to transfer thermal energy between the ground and an overlying structure. On this basis, a series of energy geo-structures have been successfully designed to operate within the very shallow part of the ground in many countries, such as Europe [1], Australia [2], UK [3], United States [4,5] and China [6,7]. There are a range of energy geo-structures proposed in the literature, including energy piles [1,3,6,[9][10][11], energy retaining walls [8], energy tunnel linings [12], energy embankments [13] and energy pavements for highways [14,15].…”