“…Several alternative criteria have since been proposed, these include: quasi‐likelihood information criterion (QIC, Pan, ) and its variants (Hin and Wang, ), generalized Mallow's C (GC, Cantoni, Flemming, and Ronchetti, ), and BIC using the quadratic inference function (QIF) approach (Wang and Qu, ). More recently, model selection criteria have been proposed using penalized GEEs (Wang, Zhou, and Qu, ) and penalized QIFs (Cho and Qu, ), where both methods use the smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty.…”