“…, n À 1), the Nussbaum gain technique will be employed. The Nussbaum-type gain was firstly proposed in Nussbaum (1983) and then used for linear systems (Mudgett and Morse 1985), Martensson (1985) and non-linear systems (Martensson 1990;Lozano, Collado, and Mondie 1990;Kaloust and Qu 1995;Ye and Jiang 1998;Zhang, Wen and Soh 2000;Ge and Wang 2003;Ge et al 2004) In this paper, an even Nussbaum function N() ¼ 2 cos (), 2 R, is adopted for analyses and a technical lemma introduced in Ge et al (2004) will be utilised for the controller design.…”