Model Predictive Control-Based 3D Navigation of a RIS-Equipped UAV for LoS Wireless Communication With a Ground Intelligent Vehicle

Abstract

1 -Intelligent vehicles need high bandwidth wireless communication links for safety and commercial communication. However, the new generations of wireless communication networks (WCNs), such as quasi-optic millimeter-wave (mmWave) (5G) and visible light optic (6G) WCNs, are exposed to blockage/scattering problems in highly dense (urban) areas. In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-equipped (unmanned aerial vehicle) UAV (RISeUAV) to secure an uninterrupted line-ofsight (LoS) communication link for an intelligent vehicle. The vehicle can be a smart ambulance and needs a stable high-speed link for autonomous navigation, also for continuous monitoring/diagnosing of the health condition of a patient. A twostage method is proposed to address the NP-hardness and nonconvexity of planning an optimal trajectory for autonomous navigation of the RISeUAV limited to UAV motion and LoS constraints. In the first stage, the optimal tube path is determined by considering the energy consumption, LoS link, and UAV speed/acceleration constraints. In the second stage, an accurate RISeUAV trajectory is obtained through the secured tube path by considering the communication performance, passive beamforming, and nonholonomic constraint of the RISeUAV. Dynamic programming and successive convex approximation methods are used in the first and second stages, respectively. Simulation results show the accuracy/effectiveness of the method.

Joint Phase Shift Design and Resource Management for a Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access-Enhanced Internet of Vehicle Assisted by an Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Equipped Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

“…First, we consider a simple scenario consisting of a BS, an IRS-equipped UAV, and a CEV. Since there is only one CEV, we have (P sim ) * = P max according to (18). Then, using the enumeration method, we can obtain (K sim ) * and (Φ sim ) * .…”

“…Moreover, the dynamic nature of UAV deployment exacerbates the challenges associated with maintaining stable connectivity in 5G and B5G environments. As UAVs navigate through airspace, they encounter varying degrees of interference and signal degradation, further impeding their ability to sustain seamless communication links with vehicles and infrastructure components [18][19][20]. Therefore, while UAVs offer inherent advantages when used as aerial relays in traditional communication frameworks, their integration into 5G-and B5G-enabled IoV necessitates innovative approaches to address the unique propagation characteristics and operational dynamics associated with advanced wireless technologies.…”

Navigation and Deployment of Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Civilian Applications: A Comprehensive Review

“…Research on the multi-SUAV communication systems with RIS technology is a novel research direction that can maximize the communication efficiency and coverage of the system. Such systems can benefit from using ground-based RISs [120,121] or using RISequipped SUAVs [122,123]. Some research can be conducted in this specific research area.…”

Reconfigurable-Intelligent-Surface-Assisted Indoor Millimeter-Wave Communications for Mobile Robots

“…In [15], the authors maximized the uplink average data rate of a robot moving from an initial position to a target position within a limited time by jointly optimizing the phase shifts of an RIS deployed nearby, the trajectory and the beamforming vector of the robot. In [16], the trajectory and speed of a UAV (carrying a RIS) and the phase shifts of the RIS were jointly optimized to maximize the average downlink rate of a vehicle that moves along a road in an urban area. In [17], the authors analyzed the coverage probability of a single-antenna vehicle served by a UAV carried BS and a single RIS deployed on the exterior wall of a building while the vehicle drives along a straight motorway for different positions of the UAV.…”