Model Citizens: The Making of an American Throughout the Naturalization Process

Bishop, Sarah

doi:10.1111/cccr.12167

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…For example, a growing number of scholars have highlighted inconsistent, biased, or discriminatory enforcement of the good moral character provision of the naturalization law ( 17 , 52 – 54 ). As Bishop has noted, “In the end, naturalization cases are decided by individual people who arrive at their determination from a whole host of experiences that may lead to intentional or unintentional biases and preferences” ( 55 ). Another possible explanation might relate to persistent structural inequalities in other domains of American social life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of race, gender, and religion in naturalization adjudication in the United States

Ryo

Humphrey

2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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This study presents an empirical investigation of naturalization adjudication in the United States using new administrative data on naturalization applications decided by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services between October 2014 and March 2018. We find significant group disparities in naturalization approvals based on applicants’ race/ethnicity, gender, and religion, controlling for individual applicant characteristics, adjudication years, and variation between field offices. Non-White applicants and Hispanic applicants are less likely to be approved than non-Hispanic White applicants, male applicants are less likely to be approved than female applicants, and applicants from Muslim-majority countries are less likely to be approved than applicants from other countries. In addition, race/ethnicity, gender, and religion interact to produce a certain group hierarchy in naturalization approvals. For example, the probability of approval for Black males is 5 percentage points smaller than that of White females. The probability of approval for Blacks from Muslim-majority countries is 9 percentage points smaller than that of Whites from other countries. The probability of approval for females from Muslim-majority countries is 6 percentage points smaller than that of females from other countries. This study contributes to our understanding of the nature of inequalities present in agency decision-making in the naturalization process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of race, gender, and religion in naturalization adjudication in the United States

Ryo

Humphrey

2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…By the same token, local-born citizens consider high regard for National Service (NS), a two-year military conscription program for male Singaporeans, as a marker of integration of new citizens (Leong & Yang 2014). This is reminiscent of Bishop's (2017) observation in the United States that naturalized citizens are expected to voluntarily risk their lives for the nation, which is not typically required of local-born citizens. In a sense, (good) citizenship and even Singaporeanness—notions that ideationally are not synonymous yet are often conflated—are viewed as gradable values that people must affectively strive to maximally realize.…”

Section: New Citizenship In Singapore: Tensions Anxieties and Discont...mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Paradoxically, expectations about citizens fighting and dying for their country seem to be something that local-born Singaporeans may not necessarily deeply believe in themselves yet continue to impose on new citizens as a test of their loyalty (cf. Bishop 2017). Even though new citizens can rightfully claim that they did comply with NS laws (e.g.…”

Section: Reconfiguring the Indexicalities Of Citizenshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The discursive construction of new citizen identities in Singapore

Vitorio

2022

Lang. Soc.

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This article investigates how new citizens reconfigure dominant indexes of citizenship to claim status as legitimate new citizens of Singapore. New citizens are expected to resolve a tension that underpins public discourses in Singapore society: while the statal narrative of multiculturalism countenances new citizens to have perceivable markers of difference, everyday discourses expect new citizens to assimilate into the ‘Singapore core’—a term used in Singapore that denotes a homogeneous understanding of what it means to be Singaporean. By adopting a metapragmatic approach, this article identifies three common indexes of citizenship that new citizens negotiate to resolve this contradiction: language, loyalty, and legacy. By reconfiguring common markers of citizenship in Singapore, new citizens are able to discursively construct a type of citizenship that they can legitimately claim and contribute to. This expands common understandings of the notion of citizenship in Singapore society. (Citizenship, language ideologies, multiculturalism, metapragmatics, Singapore)*

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“…Learning here expands beyond formal schooling, permeate the society as 'the learning society' (Simons & Masschelein, 2006), shaping the entire life into a life of learning (see, e.g. Fejes, 2006), may it be the ways public libraries are mobilised as places for the fostering of desirable citizens (Andersson, 2009), or how the path towards becoming a citizen in the US, by the naturalisation process, depends on the willingness and success in learning to commit to and perform the ceremony (Bishop, 2017). Some Foucault-inspired educational researchers have focused more specifically on how health become intertwined in discourses on lifelong learning (e.g.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discourses of lifelong learning: health as a governing technique in the shaping of the Swedish population

Åkerblom

2019

International Journal of Lifelong Education

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This article focus on how the Swedish population is shaped into desirable citizens as resources for the nation's prosperity. The aim is to analyse how health operates as a governing technique in discourses of lifelong learning. Within such current discourses the population is today described as generally well-educated and healthy, but not educated or healthy enough. When constructed as being in need of enhancement, measures of learning are suggested for regulating certain groups of the population into becoming what is regarded as desirable. Making use of Foucault's notions of governmentality and genealogy, white and green papers from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs from 1930s and today (2017) are analysed. The analysis shows that although the population is described as having different problems originating from ignorance, the solutions that are suggested in the different time periods are basically the same. The relation between learning and health is described in different ways in the 1930s and the present. In the 1930s learning is explained merely as a means to achieve a healthy population while in the present health is described both as a prerequisite and as an effect of learning. Further, there is also a difference in how the governing is conducted.

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Model Citizens: The Making of an American Throughout the Naturalization Process

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

The importance of race, gender, and religion in naturalization adjudication in the United States

The importance of race, gender, and religion in naturalization adjudication in the United States

The discursive construction of new citizen identities in Singapore

Discourses of lifelong learning: health as a governing technique in the shaping of the Swedish population

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