“…The structural FDI approach has been well developed in the literature, mostly with focus on its theoretical development, for example in references [12,13,14,15,16]. As to the application side, structural FDI has been applied to engine systems [17,18,19], battery systems [20], hybrid vehicle systems [21,22], and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive systems [23,24]. The structural analysis approach has proven to be an efficient tool in analyzing the fault detectability and isolability in a complex engineering model, and provides guidance to the architecture of diagnostic algorithms for fault detection and isolation.…”